Dane szczegółowe książki

Foreword 6
Chronology of Events 10
Contents 12
1989 43
Standoff outside Tskhinvali 43
1990 45
Resolution of the Georgian republic supreme soviet: on guarantees of the protection of Georgia’s state sovereignty 45
Session of the Georgian republic supreme soviet 46
Deadly arguments - about a method of political polemics that is not new 47
Appeal from the presidium of the USSR supreme soviet to the Georgian SSR Supreme Soviet and the South Ossetian Autonomous Province Soviet 52
1991 55
Polarization of forces in Georgia 55
Decree of the president of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics: on certain legislative acts adopted in December 1990 in the Georgian SSR 59
News hotline: parliament rejects decree 60
First step must be taken - on events in South Ossetia 61
An agreement is reached, and shots ring out again 63
South Ossetia: Tskhinvali under blockade 64
Zviad Gamsakhurdia: ‘I will cross the kremlin’s threshold only as a citizen of a free Georgia!’ 66
The objective is tranquility 69
South Ossetia: the situation is at the breaking point 70
1992 73
From hot spots: Tskhinval’s pain so far, no one wants to share it 73
South Ossetia: ‘No compromises with Georgia’ this is the desire of Alan Chochiyev 75
Georgian-Ossetian cease-fire protocol signed 76
Georgia and South Ossetia: the people are paying in blood for the politicians’ mistakes 77
The Russian parliament may consider the question of the annexation of South Ossetia by Russia 80
Epicenter: war is coming from the south - the fate of peace in southern Russia is being decided today in Ossetia 81
Talks: Yeltsin and Shevardnadze reach agreement on a cease-fire in South Ossetia - Russia and Georgia will establish diplomatic relations 85
Leaders: Torez Kulumbegov - Mikhail Shevelev talks with Torez Kulumbegov, chairman of the South Ossetian supreme Soviet 86
Abkhazia: Next in line after South Ossetia? 88
Russian paratroopers enter South Ossetia 89
1993 91
Political extremism is being paid for in blood 91
1994 95
Peace supported by bayonets cannot last forever - Izvestia special correspondent Viktor Litovkin reports from the Russian peacekeeping forces deployed in South Ossetia 95
Caucasus: Abkhazia and South Ossetia fear the consequences of the Russian-Georgian treaty - but they are ready to sit down at the negotiating table with Georgia 97
Document: ‘Russia already has lamentable experience’ - the state duma’s committee on cis affairs criticizes the Russian-Georgian treaty 98
Russia signs a friendship treaty with Georgia friendship with Abkhazia and South Ossetia is called in question 99
Two officers from Russian peacekeeping forces killed in Abkhazia 102
1995 105
Georgian-Abkhaz talks in Moscow: Way out of impasse lies through Moscow 105
1996 107
Georgia’s foreign policy: Ideals and interests the west is striving to establish a ’buffer zone’ in the republic 107
Abkhazia insists on equality with Georgia shevardnadze characterizes Ardzinba’s proposals as ‘unacceptable’ 110
1997 113
Cold war in the Daryal Gorge 113
Georgia wins back one and a half kilometers from Russia - deputy prime minister Valery Serov does nothing to impede this process 114
1998 117
Georgians and Abkhaz prepare for war - no meeting between Shevardnadze and Ardzinba 117
1999 119
No one in NATO is awaiting Georgia 119
2000 121
Taliban from Pankisi gorge - Georgian authorities are losing control of the situation in Chechen border area 121
Unfortunately, turkey doesn’t have room Chechen refugees are becoming too much of a burden for Georgia 122
Georgia repays Russia - for requiring visas 123
Exceptions to the rule - residents of Abkhazia and South Ossetia can travel to Russia without visas 124
2001 127
Secretary of State Powell will liberate Georgia from Russia 127
Men of fighting age 128
Special police try to abort presidential election - South Ossetia is on the verge of armed conflict 129
South Ossetia chooses a Russian citizen 130
2002 133
Pankisi battle 133
American military comes up against the Abkhaz - Russia threatens to recognize their independence 134
Deputies threaten Georgia - state duma statement contains various hints, warnings and promises 136
My goal is for South Ossetia to become part of Russia 137
Communication problems - Moscow and Washington are losing mutual trust 138
Georgia condemns Russian citizenship law 140
Eduard Kokoity: We’ve already invited the Russian military to come in 141
2003 143
Georgian wedge between Russia and the U.S. 143
South Ossetian government is dismissed 144
Georgia is moving westward 145
South Ossetia wants to become part of Russia 148
Abkhazia takes a wait-and-see approach 149
President’s chair is found in Georgia along with the person who’ll occupy it 150
New Georgia is disgruntled with Russia - officials in Tbilisi think Moscow is supporting separatists 153
‘Saakashvili drank tea out of my glass’ 154
OSCE will protect Tbilisi from Moscow 155
Vladimir Putin sorts out Russian-Georgian relations 156
2004 159
Georgia elects the youngest leader in Europe judging from outcome of presidential election, Mikhail Saakashvili has broken all popularity records in his country 159
Ancient Europe makes its choice - in favor of Mikhail Saakashvili, the us and the EU 161
South Ossetia prepares itself for the worst unrecognized post-soviet states combine armies 164
I serve the U.S.A. - second inauguration of Mikhail Saakashvili is held in Tbilisi 165
Mikhail Saakashvili receives visa permit results of the Georgian president’s visit to Moscow 167
Does a ’rose revolution’ threaten Abkhazia? 169
Next stop: Sukhumi - abkhazia wants to protect itself from export of Georgian revolution 171
Georgia is prepared to do anything if Russia gives up its bases 172
Georgia takes action 174
President’s wife is met with grenade launchers 177
Be Georgian or lose - Tbilisi launches campaign to replace South Ossetian government 178
Ossetia will meet Georgians with fertilizer Tbilisi expands its presence in the conflict zone 181
‘Who’s kokoyev?’ - South Ossetian authorities present Georgians with bill for $30 billion 183
Georgia is displeased with Russian peacekeepers 184
Mikhail Saakashvili takes little away from the negotiating table 185
Has war been declared? - Georgia plays games with Russian peacekeepers 187
Escalating provocations - Georgians ask Americans to intervene in south Ossetian conflict 189
Police and mountains 191
South Ossetia comes between Russia and the west 192
Carte blanche for Saakashvili - Georgia prepares to repel northern neighbor’s aggression 194
Unwanted peacekeepers 195
Protocol of intentions - Georgia and south Ossetia agree not to fight for the time being 196
President Saakashvili goes on night patrol 197
Armor getting stronger - rotation of peacekeepers’ vehicles causes uproar in South Ossetia 198
Tskhinvali under siege - Georgian soldiers shell rebel region 200
Georgia is ready to take on everyone Tbilisi is determined to recover remaining territory 201
Sea battles for resort vacationers - Georgian president threatens Russian tourists in Abkhazia 205
Two steps away from war - situation in former Georgian autonomous republics is close to full-scale resumption of hostilities 208
Georgians and Ossetians zero in on each other 209
Get rid of everything Russian 211
Peace for Georgia in exchange for military bases - Moscow is prepared to share its ‘special interests in the cis’ with Washington 213
Chairs in the morning, bullets in the evening Georgia and south Ossetia alternate between negotiations and exchanges of gunfire 215
One-day war - Georgia is withdrawing troops from occupied heights near Tskhinvali 217
Opponent is temporarily unavailable - Russia declares transportation blockade of Georgia 219
Georgia is preparing documents for admission to NATO 222
Saakashvili doesn’t intend to drag out talks with Tskhinvali - Georgian prime minister and South Ossetian president will meet in Sochi 223
Kremlin incantation 224
Resort romance - Zurab Zhvania and Eduard Kokoity get acquainted in Sochi 227
2005 231
Saakashvili is ‘ready to hear the voice of the Ossetians,’ but they aren’t willing to reciprocate 231
A bullet for the state minister - Georgian authorities are unable to cope with the situation in the South Ossetian Conflict Zone 232
Chief intelligence administration leaves trail in Georgia - Tbilisi accuses Russian military intelligence of perpetrating acts of sabotage 234
Mikhail Saakashvili withdraws his challenge 235
Peacekeepers are blamed - Tbilisi accuses Moscow of backing separatist regimes 237
Tbilisi is counting on the Americans - Georgian leadership seeks new intermediaries in conflict resolution efforts in South Ossetia and Abkhazia 238
Georgia demands withdrawal of peacekeepers from Abkhazia and South Ossetia 240
Moscow’s response to Georgian ultimatum 241
Second-string peacekeepers - Georgian and Moldovan authorities step up efforts to push Russia out of conflict zones 242
2006 245
Caucasus saboteurs freeze Georgia and cool off Armenia 245
Ukraine trying to push Russia out of Georgia 248
‘It would be a mistake to lose cooperation with the kremlin’ - us congress holds hearings on Russia 249
Peace removal operation 251
Replacement sought for Russian peacekeepers Georgian parliament heeds Mikhail Saakashvili 253
Georgia crosses the line 255
Passport ‘gun’ - Russia declares visa war on Georgia 256
Don’t allow war 258
Georgia provoking Russian peacekeepers 259
South Ossetia fleeing Saakashvili - for the first time, Moscow officially recognizes South Ossetia’s right to self-determination 260
Land seizures - Russia refuses to recognize territorial integrity of Georgia and Moldova 262
Separatists of all stripes have a right to independence 264
Mikhail Saakashvili reaches Vladimir Putin by phone - and sets up a meeting 266
‘Georgian lands are being annexed’ - Putin-Saakashvili talks in St. Petersburg are fruitless 267
Community of unrecognized states 270
What can we offer them? 273
Bagapsh perplexed - Washington offers to help Sukhumi make peace with Tbilisi, and is heard 275
Knight commander takes steps - Abkhazia will be ruled from the Kodori Gorge 276
A small victorious retreat 278
Big Caucasus revenge - troops on both sides of Russian-Georgian border are put on combat alert 280
South Ossetia documents its separateness 282
Tskhinvali gets jumpy - Georgian defense minister’s helicopter is fired on for violating Georgia’s own airspace 283
Georgia launches accession campaign - NATO prepares to admit first cis country into its ranks 285
The west at the gates - Russia and the us fight for Georgia 289
And now, a blockade - despite return of Russian officers, Moscow imposes economic sanctions on Georgia 291
Sanction master 294
What’s at stake 296
Eu sticks up for Georgia 296
Moscow distances itself from separatists - Tbilisi is pleased that European union is showing concern for Georgia’s problems 298
Political gas hookup 299
Georgian hawk flies out of the defense ministry 301
From defense minister to government supply chief - Kremlin fails to appreciate the Georgian defense minister’s dismissal 302
‘We can’t fight the gods’ 304
South Ossetia is being torn apart - unrecognized republic has two presidents 306
South Ossetia measured by Kosovo standard 308
2007 311
Tangerine impasse - federal highway linking Russia with Caucasus remains blocked 311
Cubic meters of friendship - Russia sends its ambassador back to Georgia 313
Georgian police explode Russian bombshell 315
Birth trauma of independence - elections in Abkhazia are recognized only by self-proclaimed republics, not by the international community 316
Tbilisi recognizes South Ossetia - as a temporary administrative unit within Georgia 318
Eduard Kokoity doesn’t go far - South Ossetian president reaches North Ossetia 319
South Ossetia is dragged through commissions Georgia attempts to secure international recognition for Dmitry Sanakoyev 321
Bomb frenzy - Tbilisi accuses Russian pilots of ‘naked aggression’ 323
Hole from a ’rainbow’ - Georgia hastens to destroy evidence of ‘Russian connection’ 325
Russian missile hits negotiating table - striking a blow to talks on South Ossetia 327
Remilitarization of politics 328
South Ossetia will be discussed by late September 330
A puzzle for Lavrov - Georgian foreign minister skips meeting with his Russian counterpart 331
Georgian president strikes twin blows - Mikhail Saakashvili declares war on internal and external enemies 332
Political Misadventurer - Irakly Okruashvili suspected of having ties to Moscow 334
What’s at stake 336
A shepherd for the opposition 337
Not so rosy - thousands turn out for opposition rally in Georgian capital 339
‘Russian oligarchs are building a lie factory in Georgia’ - Mikhail Saakashvili unites the nation against an external threat 341
Irakly Okruashvili launches protest actions 343
Tbilisi emergency - Mikhail Saakashvili responds to the opposition with billy clubs and tear gas 345
Georgian gambit 349
Russia is amazed at Mikhail Saakashvili’s imagination 351
‘Wrong’ document - Moscow declines to sign cis convention on labor migrants 353
2008 355
Export model of the Georgian president Mikhail Saakashvili surprises pace 355
Saakashvili doesn’t give up his people the Georgian opposition does not recognize the new government’s legitimacy 358
Albanian sirens - Kosovo parliament adopts declaration of independence 360
Rubles for Kosovo 362
Points of no admission - unrecognized republics are opposed to control of Russian-Georgian border 363
Abkhazia is semirecognized 365
Editorial - the Kosovo prescription is not for everyone - Moscow’s abkhaz initiatives could accelerate the breakup of the cis 366
State duma trumps bid - for Georgia to join NATO 368
Tbilisi accuses Moscow of aggression Georgian foreign ministry rejects Russian mediation to settle conflicts 370
Georgia for dessert - its president is received by George Bush instead of NATO 372
Irakly Okruashvili loses right to run in elections - he is sentenced to 11 years in prison 374
Transnistria makes concessions - Russia gets chance to prove itself as peacemaker 375
A creeping march - Russia semirecognizes Abkhazia and South Ossetia 377
Georgia decides to hold back - now the whole world will fight Russia on Tbilisi’s behalf 381
Georgia to become recognized republic - Russian government is ordered to normalize relations With tbilisi 383
‘If they fly here again, we will respond the same way’ - amid domestic political crisis, Georgia accuses Russia of aggression 385
Is Russia driving Georgia to join NATO? 387
Georgian plane lands at u.n. - security council holds emergency meeting 389
Russia is prepared to protect Abkhazia and South Ossetia by force of arms 391
Saakashvili calls for NATO’S help-Tbilisi will attempt to replace Russian peacekeepers with Europeans 392
Aggressive environment - Russia and Georgia accuse each other of preparing for war 394
Abkhazia’s claims make hot spot even hotter the republic’s defense minister threatens to march on Kutaisi 396
Georgia believes Russia wants military action Tbilisi is asking the west to avert a war 399
Agreement, ‘take two’ - Russian foreign minister willing to wait for EU decision on start of talks with Moscow 401
Moscow and berlin agree on Medvedev visit -Germany does not support demands for withdrawal of Russian peacekeepers from Abkhazia 403
Why is Saakashvili still popular? 404
Flight from the contrary - observers from un mission find culprit in downing of Georgian drone 406
Railroad of disconnection - Georgia is upset over arrival of Russian railroad troops in Abkhazia 408
Solana invades Abkhazia 413
Russia and Georgia exchange unvoiced opinions people are discussing the results of the first talks between Dmitry Medvedev and Mikhail Saakashvili 415
Georgia steals Russian missiles - Georgian police confíscate standard-issue ammunition from ‘blue helmets’ 417
‘We sell tangerines, not our homeland!’ 420
Russia will protect its citizens - if Saakashvili decides to fight for Tskhinvali and Sukhumi 421
Why does Saakashvili need more soldiers? 423
Abkhazia rejects Germany’s orderly plan for reconciliation with Georgia 424
Georgia is changing peacekeeping format - Tbilisi is preparing an offer that Tskhinvali won’t be able to refuse 426
Retreat after repairs - Russian railroad troops will leave Abkhazia in august 428
Georgia reduced to indifference 429
There will be no war - tension in Georgian conflict zones is being instigated by opponents of NATO membership for Tbilisi 430
Plan in the wind 432
‘Cease firing immediately!’- signs of truce emerge in South Ossetia 433
The first peacekeeping war - Russia and Georgia are fighting for South Ossetia 435
Minutes before midnight - Georgian president issues order to start aggression a couple of hours after talking about a truce 439
Russia baits Georgia - Moscow secures international silence 441
Four-way aggression - Russia needs peace in the Caucasus, while the Siloviki need war 443
A history of the Georgian-Ossetian conflict 446
Retreat enforcement - ‘peace enforcement’ in South Ossetia becomes Russian advance deep into Georgian territory 448
South Ossetia pushed closer to independence Sergei Lavrov explains principles for settling the conflict in the South Caucasus 452
Recognition or nothing - Russian parliament unanimously asks president to decide fate of Abkhazia and South Ossetia 454
Russian president Dmitry Medvedev: ‘this is not an easy choice to make, but it represents the only possibility to save human lives’ 455
Words of recognition 457
The Caucasian track of Russia’s foreign policy 463
Russia’s national security problems in the Transcaucasus in the era of globalization 477
Seven items on the Russian-Georgian agenda 493
The role of the individual in modern Georgian history 493
Why Russia has such difficult relations with Georgia 494
The „Rose Revolution” and the change of regime in Tbilisi 495
Will Georgia put an end to terrorism? 496
Visa regulations and the prospects for simplifying them 498
Is a framework agreement necessary? 499
Russian military bases in Georgia 499
Will the Meskhetian Turks be allowed to return to their historical homeland? 501
Georgia’s territorial problems 501
Abkhaz scenarios 502
How to break the deadlock in Abkhazia 503
Specific features of the south Ossetia Conflict 504
Georgia and the cis 505
American interests in Georgia 505
Will there be American bases in Georgia? 507
Georgia’s geopolitical choice 507
Is it possible to make a fresh start in Russian-Georgian relations? 508
Russian-Georgian relations 511
Problems of terrorism 511
Georgia’s geopolitical choice 514
Domestic problems 515
The American factor 516
Russian interests and the Russian factor 519
Russians in Georgia and Georgians in Russia 520
A great treaty 521
Russia’s military presence 521
Regional cooperation 522
Prospects for settling the Georgian-Abkhaz and Georgian-Ossetian conflicts 523
By way of conclusion 526
The georgian test 529
Saakashvili 529
Certain features of Tbilisi’s posturing 530
Tbilisi-Moscow-Washington 531
„The conveyor belt of revolutions” 533
Patriotic doping 534
Russia’s resources in a settlement of the Georgian conflicts 536
Addicted 539
Why is Georgia no Switzerland? Comparing economies 539
The potential for economic partnership 541
Notes 544
The georgian theme 545
Provincialism in politics 551
The sarabuki incident 559
Tbilisi’s troubles 567
Russian armed forces and peacekeeping 573
The transcaucasus and the balkans 583
Notes 592
South ossetia: armed and devoted to peace 595
Notes 602
Key Political Figures 604
Index 608