Dane szczegółowe książki

LIST OF FIGURES Xll
1. INTRODUCTION 1
1. Uses of phonetics 1
2. The phases of speech 3
3. The vocal tract 7
4. The functional components of speech 10
2. BASIC COMPONENTS OF SPEECH 1 1
1. Initiation and articulation 1 1
2. Fricative and stop articulation 1 7
3. Pulmonic pressure and suction initiation 19
4. Glottalic initiation 23
5. Velaric initiation 28
6. Review of initiation types 30
7. Initiator velocity, and initiator power (stress) 32
3. PHONATION: A THIRD BASIC COMPONENT 36
1. Voiceless and voiced fricatives 36
2. Voiced and voiceless m nlr 39
3. Voiced and voiceless vowels 41
4. The three components: initiation, articulation,
and phonation 42
5. The production of voiced stops 43
6. Voiced implosives 49
7. Principal phonation types 51
8. Relationship of phonation to initiation 56
9. Aspiration 57
4. ARTICULATION: STRICTURE TYPES 62
1. Articulation-the 'final shaping' of sounds 62
2. Maintainable stricture-types: stop, fricative,
approximant, resonant, trill 63
3. Essentially momentary stricture types: tap, flap,
semivowel 70

Contents
Contents
XI


172
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123
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138
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145
149
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163
169
4. The transverse dimension: median and lateral articulation
5. ARTICULATION: LOCATIONS
1. The nasal area
2. The oral area: upper and lower articulators
3. Labial articulations: bilabial and labiodental
4. Dentalveolar articulations
5. Retroflex and palatal articulations
6. Velar and uvular articulations
7. Pharyngal and glottal articulations
6. CO-ARTICULATION AND SEQUENCES
1. Co-ordinate or double articulation
2. Primary and secondary articulation
3. Homorganic sound sequences : geminates and affricates
4. Lateral plosion, nasal plosion, and prenasalized stops
5. Heterorganic sequences and contiguous sequences
6. Diphthongs
7. Close and open transition
7. VOWELS: INTRODUCTION
1. Vowels and consonants: importance of silent study of vowels
2. Lip- and tongue-positions for vowels
3. Introduction to Cardinal Vowels
8. THE CARDINAL VOWELS (CVs)
1. General characteristics of CVs: errors to avoid
2. The front CVs
3. The back CVs
4. Types of lip-rounding
5. Secondary CVs
6. Central vowels and other additions to the CVs
7. The acoustics of vowels: vowel formants
8. Making the formants audible
9. Additional vowel modifications

9. PROSODIC FEATURES
1. Initiatory prosodies: initiator power (= stress)
2. The syllable
3. The foot
4. Phonatory prosodies: pitch variations (= intonation and tone)
5. Articulatory prosody: duration of articulation (= length)
10. SOUND SYSTEMS OF LANGUAGES
1. Phonology: the utilization of speech-sounds
2. A continuum of vowel-sounds
3. The vowel continuum differently dissected by English and Spanish
4. Voice-onset-times differently exploited by different languages
5. Phonemes
6. Distinctive features
7. English consonant phonemes
8. Allophones
9. Consonant clusters 10. The English vowels
11. REVIEW
FOR FURTHER READING
REFERENCES
INDEX

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46
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51
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58
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93
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31.
List of Figures
The vocal tract
. Basic components of speech-sound production . Experiment 3: Remove initiation . Experiment 4: Remove articulation
Experiment 5: Add initiation . Experiment 6: Add articulation '. Experiment 7: Superimpose stop on air-stream Pressure and suction varieties of [1| Pressure and suction varieties of [s| Three stages in the production of glottalic
pressure [k'j Experiment 17: Three phases in the production of a
velaric suction stop (the click [i|) Experiment 23: Voiceless and voiced fricatives Aerodynamics of a voiced stop Voiceless and voiced stop and fricative Mechanism of voiced glottalic suction stop
(voiced implosive)
Initiation of voiced plosives and voiced implosives States of the glottis Aspiration and voicing of stops Major stricture types
Major stricture types in the transverse dimension The major articulatory areas Some features of the oral cavity Upper articulatory locations Subdivisions of the tongue Lower articulatory locations Two extreme types of alveolar ridge Apico-dentalveolar stop articulations Lamino-dentalveolar stop articulations Apico-dentalveolar fricative articulations Lamino-dentalveolar fricative articulations Retroflex articulations: (a) stop (b) flap

32. Dorso-palatal articulation 93
33. Some postalveolar and (pre)palatal articulations 96
34. Timing relations in co-articulation 107
35. Named homorganic sequences 1 1 1
36. The International Phonetic Alphabet
(revised to 1979) 120
37. The vowel limit 132
38. Tongue-configurations for Cardinal Vowels 1 33
39. Error to avoid in pronouncing front CVs 135
40. The Cardinal Vowels " 136
4 1 . Schematic representation of lip-positions of Cardinal
Vowels 146
42. (Primary) and secondary Cardinal Vowels 1 49
43. Additional vowels 1 55
44. First and second formants of Cardinal Vowels 1 6 1
45. Cardinal Vowels with frequencies of F 1 and F2 (Hz)
superimposed 1 62
46. Cardinal Vowel charts with doh-ray-me
superimposed 167
47. Pitch-schemes of nouns and verbs 1 76
48. Stress differences on uniform pitch 177
49. Stress-groups, or feet 1 8 1
50. The i-a vowel continuum 189
5 1 . The i-a vowel continuum: English and Spanish
divisions 1 9 1
52. The VOT continuum 193
53. Labial stops in Hindi and Sindhi 1 97