Dane szczegółowe książki

Contents 6
Preface 10
Introduction 14
International relations 17
Furthering Political Goals 18
Refugee Migration 19
Rights of Migrants 21
Development 23
Costs and Benefits to the Sending Countries 25
Migrant absorption in the receiving country 27
Conclusion 30
Part 1. Theoretical Issues 34
1. International migrations in political perspective 36
The significance of political boundaries 38
World system: a multidimensional approach 41
Workers and refugees 45
Conclusions 58
2. Elements of a theory of international economic migration to industrial nation states 61
Concepts and theoretical considerations 63
The Notion of the Industrial Nation State 63
The Notion of Migration 67
National and international implications-economic aspects 70
Migrant-receiving Countries 71
Migrant-sending Countries 73
International Inequities 75
3. The global labor market in the modern world-economy 77
Wage zones: a global hierarchy of labor reward 79
Capital-labor interaction 81
Global Labor Market 81
Labor's Drive Toward the Equalization of Wages 81
Capital's Drive Toward Profit Maximization 83
Global labor and state regulations 83
Secular trends, cyclical rhythms and specific movement patterns 87
Secular Trends and Cyclical Rhythms 87
Specific Movement Patterns 88
Evolution of the global labor market: a proposal for study 92
Coerced Transfers 93
Settler Movements 94
Transplanted Labor Groups 94
Export and Import of Reserve Labor 95
The Brain Drain 96
4. A sociological approach toward a general theory of migration 97
The theory of societal systems 98
Migration as interaction of societal systems 103
Emigration and Reduction of Tension 104
Immigration and Building of Tension 105
Structural conditions and consequences of undercasting immigration 107
Conditions of Undercasting Immigration 107
Consequences of Undercasting Immigration 108
Conservation of Traditional Structures and Limits of the Expansion Due to Immigration 109
Differential Mobility and Neo-feudal Contrasting 111
Neo-feudal Contrasting and Social Prejudices 112
Integration and assimilation 113
Summary 115
5. International migration: economic causes, consequences and evaluation 117
Causes 118
Consequences 121
Efficiency 121
The Perfect Market Variant: Domestic Perspective 121
The Perfect Market Variant: Global Perspective 125
Market Imperfections 126
Distribution 135
Evaluation 136
Temporary Emigration: The National Perspective 138
Permanent Emigration: The Domestic Perspective 140
Immigration 142
Some closing remarks 142
6. Integrating international and internal migration theories 143
Reasons for exploring the integration of theories 144
Problems of theory integration 146
Contribution and limitations of selected theories 149
Gravity Models 150
Cost-benefit Models 150
Transition Matrix Models 153
Behavioral Models 153
Systems Models 155
Historical Theories 157
Spheres within which integration may be pursued 158
Differentials or Selectivity 159
Causal Factors 159
Patterns of Migration Flows 160
Consequences of Migration 161
Political Aspects 161
Conclusion 162
Part 2. Current International Migration Patterns in Six Regions 165
7. International labor migration in Western Europe: a geographical review 167
Data 169
Migration trends and effects 170
Geographical Pattern of Movement 170
The Role of Immigrants in Labor Markets 178
The Maturing of Migration Streams 179
The Effects of Migration 180
Policy 183
Explanation of migration patterns 186
Migration between the Industrial Countries 190
Migration of Managerial, Technical and Related Staff, and the Role of Organization 191
Conclusion 193
8. International migration in Australasia and the south pacific **1 195
Population trends and policies: Australia 196
Immigration policy 206
Structural changes 207
New Zealand's migration experience 209
Seasonal and trans-tasman migration 214
Social consequences of migration 215
Toward a generalized theory of migration 217
9. International migration: Canada and the United States 221
Policy trends in the United States 222
Recent trends in the size and occupational composition of U.S. immigration 229
Policy trends in Canada 244
Recent trends in size and occupation composition of Canadian immigrants 248
Conclusion 251
10. International migration patterns in the Caribbean basin: an overview **1 255
Current patterns of intraregional migration 257
Foreign Born Composition of the Population 257
Migration to the United States and Canada 262
Immigration to Venezuela 273
Other Migration Patterns in the Caribbean Basin 281
Conclusions 284
11. Structural trends in international labor migration: the southern cone of Latin America 287
Migration patterns in the southern cone: an overview 289
The countries of origin 291
Bolivia 292
Chile 295
Paraguay 296
Uruguay 297
Immigrants in Argentina 298
Volume, Composition and Geographic Distribution 298
The Position in the Labor Market 303
The Impact of Immigration 307
Some recent trends: the 1970s 310
12. International labor migration in the Middle East and North Africa: trends, effects and policies 314
Magnitude of migrant labor flows 315
Source and destination 315
Characteristics 323
Economic implications 326
Effect on employment 333
Policy implications: Labor Importing Countries 334
Labor Exporting Countries 335
Part 3. Migration Incorporation into Host Societies and Return-Migration Policies 338
13. Modes of structural incorporation and present theories of labor immigration **1 340
Functions of immigrant labor 341
Primary labor market immigration 343
Secondary labor market immigration 345
Immigrant enclaves 353
Summary 359
14. Immigrant adaptation in a postindustrial society **1 363
Postindustrialism 364
Migration in postindustrial societies 365
Immigrants in Canada, 1971 367
Metropolitan Toronto survey 373
Occupation status and mobility 374
Acculturation 382
Mass communications and the ethnic media 385
Conclusion 388
15. Sociopolitical participation of migrants in the receiving countries **1 389
International instruments of participation 392
Regional strategies 394
Political rights 396
Forms of immigrants' representation 397
Migrant Representation in the State Administration 397
Migrant Representation in the Firms 398
Migrant Representation in Trade Unions 398
Political participation 399
Consultative Participation of Migrants: The Consultative Municipal Immigrants' Councils 400
Elective Participation of Migrants 402
Conclusion 403
Appendix A 404
United Nations Instruments with Provisions on Human Rights and Migration 404
Other International Instruments in the Field of Migration and Human Rights 405
16. Incentives to return: patterns of policies and migrants' responses 407
Return-bonus offers by host countries 408
France: a Return-Bonus Scheme in Operation 410
The Federal Republic of Germany: Experiments with a Return-Bonus Scheme 413
The Netherlands: Debate on a Return-Bonus Scheme 414
Offers of Severance Pay 414
Reintegration services 415
Examples of Reintegration Measures 416
Evaluations of Return-Incentive Schemes 418
Use of migrants' savings for job creation in their home countries 420
Dutch Aid to Returning Migrants for Job Creation in the Private Sector 421
Enterprise, Municipality, and Migrant Initiatives in the Yugoslav Social Sector 423
Turkish Workers' Companies: the „People's Sector" 426
Conclusions 431
References 434
Contributors 528
Index of names 534
Subject index 550