Dane szczegółowe książki

The Caucasus 3
Contents 9
Plates 23
Maps 31
Acknowledgments 35
Note from the publisher on stylistic conventions 39
Introduction 41
1 Caucasian origins 56
The regional setting 56
Peoples of the Caucasus and their languages 68
Persians, Greeks and Romans 76
Armenians and Georgians 83
North and East Caucasia, Albania 102
2 Early medieval Caucasia, the seventh to tenth centuries 107
The Arab conquest of the Caucasus 107
Bagratid Georgia’s rise and Armenia’s demise 125
Caucasian Albania 135
The Shirvan-shahs 155
The Khazars 159
Persia and the Caucasus 171
Persian Islam and separatism 180
3 The Caucasus, Persia, Turkestan, Azerbaijan, Europe, the tenth to twelfth centuries 192
Inner-Asian migration and trade routes 192
Oghuz, Ghaznavid and Seljuq Turks 197
Kurdistan 211
The origins of Azerbaijan and Shirvan 221
Azerbaijan and the Seljuq Turkish inundation 227
Armenia, Byzantium, Turks and Crusaders 244
4 The later Crusades, Mongols and Ottoman Turks, the thirteenth to fifteenth centuries 260
Georgia and the Crusades 260
Armenia at the time of the Crusades 270
The Mongols in the Middle East and the Caucasus 283
Khwarazm-shah Jalal ad-Din 289
Anatolia: Greeks, Seljuqs and Mongols 293
Georgia and the Mongols 300
The Golden Horde and Timurlenk 303
The Fourth Crusade 307
The Byzantine Empire’s end and Ottoman Turkey’s triumph 318
5 Georgia, Shirvan and North Caucasus to the fifteenth century 322
Georgia at the height of its power 322
White Sheep Turks and Black Sheep Turks 335
Shirvan to the fifteenth century 339
Georgia and Abkhazia 349
Daghestan and north-east Caucasus 366
North-western Caucasus 373
Caucasia between the Black Sea and the Caspian 380
6 Caucasia between Persia and Ottoman Turkey 386
The Turks and intra-Islamic conflicts 386
Black Sheep and White Sheep Turks and Shirvan-shahs 394
Azerbaijan 404
Georgia in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries 410
Daghestan 419
Armenia in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries 423
The North Caucasus peoples up to the eighteenth century 433
Georgia as a vassal state 443
The Caucasus in the late eighteenth century 455
7 The Caucasus and the Russians 459
Black Sea approaches: Cossacks and Crimean Tatars 459
The North Caucasus steppe: early Russian contacts 468
Russian forts and native allegiance 473
Georgia in the seventeenth century 481
8 Caucasia in the eighteenth century 491
Russia’s Peter I and the Caucasus 491
The Volga-Ural steppe: Nogays and Kalmyks 505
Kuban, Circassia, Crimea, the Ukrainian Cossacks 523
Daghestan in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries 534
The question of Azerbaijan 543
Georgia in the eighteenth century 547
South Caucasus at the end of the eighteenth century 554
Tsaritsa Catherine II’s ‘Oriental Project’ and the Caucasus 563
9 Russia’s conquest of the Caucasus 568
Russian nationalist ideology and the Caucasus 568
Russia’s annexation of Georgia, 1774-1822 574
Russia’s Orthodox Christianization campaign and Osetia 578
Azerbaijan and Armenia, 1800-1840 586
Resistance in Chechenia and Daghestan 588
The Russo-Circassian War; Abkhazia and Turkey 602
North Caucasus and Daghestan: harassment and deportation 620
Russia’s Caspian frontier: Kalmykia and Turkmenistan 626
Russification in the Caucasus 629
Georgian culture, 1820-1905 633
Armenia, 1840-1916 641
Azerbaijan, 1800-1900 647
Beginnings of Muslim politics in Russia’s empire 658
The Caucasus in the Russian Empire 668
10 World war and Russian revolution 674
Russian society, 1900-1917 674
Economy and revolution in Azerbaijan 678
The First World War and Russia’s 1917 revolution 686
The February Revolution and Lenin’s October coup d’etat 691
The Constituent Assembly and anti-Bolshevik resistance 702
Muslim politics and the Russian revolution 704
The Caucasian peoples, 1900 to the First World War 710
The Caucasian peoples and the Russian revolution 722
The Cossacks in the Russian Civil War 728
Crimea in the Russian revolution and Civil War 738
North Caucasus, 1917-1918 742
South Caucasus: Bolsheviks, Turks, Germans 766
11 Independent Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia and North Caucasus 781
Self-determination and reality in ‘Transcaucasia’ 781
North Caucasus, June 1918 to July 1919 801
South Caucasus, November 1918 to early 1920 819
Persia and the two Azerbaijans 826
Armenia and the Ottoman and Azerbaijani Turkish problem 840
12 White Russians, native insurrection, Bolshevik conquest 860
North Caucasus, July 1919 to early 1920 860
South Caucasus, 1919-1921 870
Muslim politics and Bolshevik dictatorship 888
Russian nationalist communists and Muslims 902
North Caucasus, 1920-1922 904
13 The North and South Caucasus peoples, 1920-1939 916
Ethnic, religious and cultural institutions 916
The Cossack lands, 1919-1939 920
The Kalmyks 928
Azerbaijan, 1921-1939 941
North-east Caucasus 956
Osetia and north-west Caucasus 982
Georgia, Armenia and the ‘Transcaucasian Federation’ 1016
Communist Terror in the Caucasus 1046
14 The Second World War, Beria and Stalin 1072
Russia’s ‘Great War of the Fatherland’ 1072
Nazi racism and Soviet collaboration 1074
The Cossacks in the Second World War 1078
The Kalmyks 1082
German occupation of North Caucasus 1088
Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan and the Stalingrad battle 1093
The Soviet reconquest and deportation of North Caucasian peoples 1099
South Caucasia and Daghestan in the war 1110
Soviet post-war expansionism: Iranian Azerbaijan and Kurdistan 1141
15 Caucasia from Stalin’s death to the 1980s (1) 1152
Russia’s Iron Curtain in the south 1152
Economy and environment 1156
The ‘second economy’ 1166
Secular culture, language and nationalism 1176
Azerbaijan 1177
Georgia 1194
Armenia 1205
Karabagh 1215
North Caucasus after the mass deportations 1219
16 Caucasia from Stalin’s death to the 1980s (2) 1238
Ethnic minorities in South Caucasus 1238
Historiography and national cultures; Shamil 1243
Communist government and indigenous opposition 1262
Demography and national movements: Daghestan 1274
Abkhazia 1295
Conclusion 1301
17 The Caucasus and the end of the Soviet Union 1306
The crisis in Soviet imperialism: the August 1991 coup 1306
The USSR’s non-Russian peoples assert their identity 1316
Self-determination in practice once more 1326
18 Armenia, Karabagh, Azerbaijan 1336
War over Highland Karabagh 1336
Azerbaijan from restructuring to independence 1350
Ethnic minorities in Azerbaijan 1360
Independent Azerbaijan 1362
Armenia after 1987 1366
19 Georgia, 1987-1993 1380
Georgia and reform 1380
Georgia’s ethnic multiplicity and nationalism 1384
Gamsakhurdia and chaos 1399
South Osetia 1405
Abkhazia 1414
Georgia’s Acharian and other Muslims 1423
Abkhazia, Georgia and Rossiya from 1992 1427
20 North Caucasus, 1987-1993 1436
Ethnic unrest and the Russian government 1436
Daghestan 1438
Circassia 1448
The Chechens and Ingush 1462
North Osetia 1468
The Cossacks 1474
The Kalmyks 1480
21 The Caucasus enters the twenty-first century 1488
The Confederation of Mountain Peoples 1494
Russian alarmist propaganda about North Caucasus 1507
Russia’s militarization of North Caucasus 1513
Capitalist enterprise and Caspian petroleum 1517
Post-communist Russia and its former colonies 1529
The Ingush and Rossiya after 1991 1533
The martyrdom of the Chechen people 1540
Armenia: culture, war and politics, 1991-2008 1580
22 Russia’s arbitrary politics and Georgian resurgence 1599
Central Caucasus: old borders and renewed Russian imperialism 1599
Ingushia and North Osetia, 2002-2008 1611
The Osetians, the Georgians and Russia 1620
Georgia: North Caucasus contacts and Putinist aggression 1628
New Georgia and old problems 1632
The Russo-Georgian war 1660
Georgia and the wider world 1675
The Caucasus and the Middle East 1686
Bibliography 1697
Abbreviations 1697
Periodicals 1697
Books and articles 1698
Index 1769
Photography 1863