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Introduction: Revolutions, Ruptures, and Rifts in Interpretive Inquiry 10
Which crises? Which turning points? Which knots? 12
Enter Critical Qualitative Research 12
Revolutions, Rifts and Ruptures 17
Knots Tied and Untied 18
Notes 21
References 21
Part I. The Revolution of Representation 26
Discourses of gender, race, and ethnicity 26
The subaltern speaks 27
Autoethnography 28
References 28
1. Situated Knowledges: The Science Question in Feminism and the Privilege of Partial Perspective 30
The persistence of vision 35
Objects as actors: the apparatus of bodily production 45
Notes 50
2. Toward an Afrocentric Feminist Epistemology 58
The Eurocentric, masculinist knowledge validation process 60
The contours of an Afrocentric feminist epistemology 63
Concrete experience as a criterion of meaning 65
The use of dialogue in assessing knowledge claims 70
The ethic of caring 73
The ethic of personal accountability 76
Notes 78
Bibliography 78
3. Defining Feminist Ethnography 84
Competing approaches in feminist anthropology 85
"Confessional field literature" and experimental ethnography 88
Reading confessional field literature as experiments in feminist ethnography 91
Women and natives: recalcitrant subjects? 98
Notes 101
4. The Torture and Death of Her Little Brother, Burnt Alive in Front of Members of Their Families and the Community 106
5. The Way We Were, Are, and Might Be: Torch Singing as Autoethnography 116
A beginning, tentative 116
An ending, repeated 116
A performance, hidden 117
A reader, imagined 118
A memory, inscribed 118
A curiosity, confessed 120
An author, blinking 121
A blue star, whispered 122
A torch song 123
Two ideas, revisited 123
Notes 126
References 127
Part II. The Revolution in Authority 130
Reference 131
6. On Ethnographic Authority 132
Notes 145
Part III. The Revolution of Legitimation 150
References 152
7. Thick Description: Toward an Interpretive Theory of Culture 154
I 154
II 156
III 161
IV 164
V 167
VI 170
VII 174
Notes 178
8. Quality in Qualitative Research 180
Criteriology 181
Philosophical moments 185
Triangulation: a case study of a craft skill 188
Conclusion 192
Note 193
References 193
9. Issues of Validity in Openly Ideological Research: Between a Rock and a Soft Place 196
The context from which i speak 196
Between a rock and a soft place 200
Reconceptualizing validity 201
Feminist Research 203
Neo-Marxist Critical Ethnography 206
Freirian "Empowering" Research 210
Beyond predisposition 213
Is the Method the Message? 213
Must We Choose between Conceptual Vigor and Methodological Rigor? 215
What Minimal Standards Might We Begin to Move Toward? 216
Conclusion 217
Notes 218
References 220
Part IV. The Ethical Revolution 228
References 229
10. Ethics: The Failure of Positivist Science 230
Conventional responses to ethical dilemmas 231
Ethical Levels 231
Moral Responsibility 232
Legal Responsibilities 232
The tilt of the conventional paradigm 234
A possible solution: the naturalistic paradigm 237
The ethical problems of the naturalistic paradigm 239
Face-to-Face Contacts 240
Anonymity, Confidentiality, and Privacy 241
Trust 241
Negotiation 242
Framing case studies 242
Whose agenda? 243
Conclusion 246
Bibliography 247
Part V. The Methodological Revolution 250
The interview 250
The camera 251
Narrative 251
11. Interviewing Women: A Contradiction in Terms 254
Interviewing: a masculine paradigm? 255
Women interviewing women: or objectifying your sister 263
Is a "proper" interview ever possible? 266
Notes 271
References 272
12. On the Use of the Camera in Anthropology 276
References cited 282
13. Taking Narrative Seriously: Consequences for Method and Theory in Interview Studies 284
Inviting stories rather than reports during interviews 285
Karen Sacks's Study of Working-Class Women's Workplace Militancy 286
My Study of Women's Experiences in the White- and Male-Dominated Profession of the Public School Superintendency 287
My Own Experience as a Subject in a Study of Academic Women 292
Encountering narrative difficulties and reiterating the invitation 294
Narrative analysis: studying the relation between the general and the particular 301
Notes 303
References 305
14. Representing Discourse: The Rhetoric of Transcription 308
Introduction 308
Re-presenting speech: problematizing transcription 311
The poetic structure of conversation 313
Narrativization in the oral style 316
Voices of the lifeworld and of medicine 325
Conclusion 332
Acknowledgments 334
Notes 334
References 339
Part VI. The Crisis in Purpose: What Is Ethnography for, and Whom Should It Serve? 342
15. Can Ethnographic Narrative Be a Neighborly Act? 346
Research 348
Neighborliness 351
Neighborliness is Praxis 351
Historical Background 352
Philosophical and Theological Dimensions 354
Analytical Dimensions 355
Interpretive and Pedagogical Dimensions 356
Summary 357
Ethnography as a neighborly act 358
Fantasy of an Ethnographer as Neighbor 359
Neighborly Research 360
Neighborly Publication 361
References cited 364
16. Rethinking Ethnography: Towards a Critical Cultural Politics 367
Return of the body 368
Boundaries and borderlands 373
The risk of performance 378
Rhetorical reflexivity 384
References 388
Part VII. The Revolution in Presentation 391
Performance ethnography and ethnodrama 391
Poetics-anthropological and ethnographic 393
References 394
17. Writing: A Method of Inquiry 395
Writing practices 395
Metaphor 396
Writing Formats 396
Creative Analytic Writing Practices 397
References 401
18. Performing as a Moral Act: **1 Ethical Dimensions of the Ethnography of Performance 413
The custodian's rip-off 418
The enthusiast's infatuation 420
The curator's exhibitionism 421
Dialogical performance 423
Notes 426
19. The Theater of Ethnography: The Reconstruction of Ethnography into Theater with Emancipatory Potential 431
Pilot project 432
Phase two 433
Location 433
Project 434
Legacy 435
The ethnodrama process: public voice ethnography 436
Updating truth 438
Pedagogy or self-interpretation 438
High-profile ethnography: "busting" and reflexivity 439
What did the data reveal? 440
Stigmatization by Association 440
Structural Inequality 441
Women, Alcohol, Institutional Provision, and Role Expectation 441
Female Carers, Male Clients, and Coworkers 442
Validity and mimesis 443
Conclusion 444
Notes 444
References 445
20. Foreword from Reflections: The Anthropological Muse 449
City night 452
Part VIII. The Future of Ethnography and Qualitative Research 453
A politics of possibility 454
Poetic endings 456
References 456
21. Personal Narrative, Performance, Performativity: Two or Three Things I Know for Sure 457
1. 457
2. 459
3. 463
4. 465
5. 468
6. 473
7. 475
Works cited 478
22. Performance, Personal Narratives, and the Politics of Possibility **1 485
The performance of possibilities 487
The subjects 489
The audience 493
The performers 495
Notes 498
Works cited 500
23. The Anthro in Cali 503
I 503
II 503
III 504
IV 504
V 504
VI 505
VII 505
Note 505
Reference 505
24. Shaman 507
25. Tango for One 509
About the Editors 511