Dane szczegółowe książki

Contents 6
Illustrations 10
Figures 10
Tables 10
Acronyms 11
Contributors 14
1 Rewiring the circuitry of audiovisual translation 22
Introduction 22
Part I: Audiovisual translation in action 25
Part II: Theoretical perspectives in audiovisual translation studies 31
Part III: Research methods in audiovisual translation studies 34
Part IV: Audiovisual translation in society 37
References 41
Part I. Audiovisual translation in action 45
2 History of audiovisual translation Carol O'Sullivan and Jean-Francois Cornu 47
Introduction 47
Audiovisual translation in the silent period 47
Benshis, bonimenteurs and other film explainers 48
Audiovisual translation and the transition to sound 50
Multilingual versions 54
History of subtitling in the sound period 56
History of dubbing 59
Audiovisual translation and the 'foreign film' 62
Current issues and new debates 63
Research methods 67
Summary 68
Further reading 68
Related topics 70
References 70
Filmography 75
3 Subtitling on the cusp of its futures 77
Introduction 77
Processes and evolutions, constraints and opportunities 78
Means and modes of meaning in subtitling 86
Research and methodologies 92
Related topics 98
Further reading 99
References 100
Filmography 108
4 Investigating dubbing Learning from the past, looking to the future 109
Introduction 109
A history of dubbing 109
Research issues in dubbing studies 110
Synchronization 112
Dubbing process 116
Idiosyncrasy of dubbed language 118
Voice and prosody 120
Future trajectory and new debates 124
Fan/fundubbing 124
Technologization 124
Film studies, multimodality and AVT 126
Film industry and AVT 126
Summary 129
Further reading 130
Related topics 131
References 132
Filmography 138
Bibliography 138
5 Voice-over Practice, research and future prospects 139
Introduction 139
Defining voice-over 139
Voice-over vis-à-vis other audiovisual transfer modes 140
Voice-over types 144
Voice-over main features 145
Voice-over practice 149
Research issues in voice-over 152
Translation and synchronization techniques 152
Linguistic aspects of voice-over 154
Cultural aspects of voice-over 156
Authenticity, manipulation and the translator's visibility 158
The reception of voice-over 159
Technologies in voice-over 160
The didactics of voice-over 162
New topics, new methodological approaches 162
Conclusion 164
Summary 164
Further reading 164
Related topics 164
References 165
Filmography 172
6 Subtitling for deaf and hard of hearing audiences Moving forward 173
Introduction 173
Key terms and concepts in subtitling for deaf and hard of hearing 174
The road to acknowledgement 176
Stakeholders for change 178
Quality and standards 180
Norms and transgressions 183
Ongoing debates and research opportunities 186
Conclusion 190
Summary 191
Further reading 192
Related topics 192
References 194
Sitography 199
7 Respeaking Subtitling through speech recognition 200
Definition and terminology 200
History 201
Professional practice on TV 203
Respeaking in contexts other than TV 207
Training 209
Research 211
Conclusion 219
Summary 221
Further reading 223
Related topics 225
References 225
8 Audio description Evolving recommendations for usable, effective and enjoyable practices 234
Definition 234
Target audience 235
History and development of audio description 237
Audio description guidelines: past and present 239
The language of audio description 243
Distinctive features 243
Idiosyncratic features of a special language 245
The style of audio description 246
Objectivity vs. subjectivity 247
Reception studies 249
Reception research and VIPs 251
Reception research and sighted viewers 251
Future reception research 253
The future of audio description 253
Summary 255
Further reading 255
Related topics 256
References 257
Filmography 263
9 Surtitling and captioning for theatre and opera 264
Brief history of the field 264
Audience 265
Description of surtitles and captions and techniques 267
Textual implications 267
Social implications 275
Technical implications 276
Reception of surtitles and captions 281
Looking to the future 285
Research questions 287
Summary 287
Further reading 287
Related topics 289
References 289
10 Game localization A critical overview and implications for audiovisual translation 293
Introduction 293
Historical background 295
Game localization in practice 300
Current and future debates 305
Common research methods 310
The influence of technology on game localization 312
Conclusion 314
Further reading 315
Related topics 316
References 316
11 Film remakes as a form of translation 322
Multiple-language versions and early remakes 325
Recent American remakes 329
Remakes around the world 333
Remakes and translation theory 335
Summary 339
Further reading 339
Related topics 341
References 341
Part II. Theoretical perspectives in audiovisual translation studies 350
12 Mediality and audiovisual translation 352
Introduction 352
The medium is the message 354
The pitfalls of technological determinism 357
Mediality and audiovisual translation 359
Film 360
Television 365
Home video technology 366
Digital technologies and the Web 2.0 369
Summary 373
Further reading 373
Related topics 375
References 375
Filmography 379
13 Spoken discourse and conversational interaction in audiovisual translation 380
Spontaneous vs. planned conversation 380
Conversational features in subtitling 381
The structural organization of conversation in subtitling 383
Formulaic language in subtitling 392
Conversational features in dubbing 396
Expressive and orality markers in dubbing 396
Formulaic language in dubbing 402
Summary 404
Further reading 404
Related topics 406
References 406
Filmography 411
14 Psycholinguistics and perception in audiovisual translation 412
Introduction 412
Media accessibility 412
Current debates 413
Audio description as constrained translation 413
Multisensory integration 415
Context 417
Mental models 417
Congruency 419
AD and emotion 419
Prosody 419
Colour and cognition 421
Visual and verbal meaning 423
Perception 424
Visual perception: the importance of affordances 425
Audio description and the ecological approach to visual perception 427
Assessing impact 427
Functional neural networks 429
Presence 431
Linguistic compensation 431
Conclusion 432
Further reading 433
Related topics 433
References 433
Filmography 441
15 Narratology and audiovisual translation 442
Introduction 442
Basics of narratology 442
Narratology across media 449
Translating narrativity: action doubles as narration 453
Subtitling: dialogue doubles as narration 455
Relevant dialogue beyond the plot: narration 457
Relevant dialogue beyond the plot: characterization 457
Audio description: verbalizing images that double as narration 459
Narratively relevant images: detection and selection 459
Narratively relevant images: aspects of verbalization 463
Narratively relevant images: The timing of characterization 465
Dubbing 465
Narrative and synchrony 465
Narrative and synchrony 467
Summary 467
Further reading 467
Related topics 468
References 469
Filmography 473
16 Pragmatics and audiovisual translation 474
What is pragmatics? 474
Pragmatic phenomena and AVT 475
Speech acts 476
Politenessc 479
Implicature 483
New research avenues 495
Summary 497
Further reading 499
Related topics 499
References 499
Filmography 505
17 Multimodality and audiovisual translation Cohesion in accessible films 506
Introduction 506
Research problem 509
Analysis 509
Methodology 511
Theoretical framework 511
Presenting and tracking characters and settings 521
Tracking the character in the original clip 523
Tracking the setting in the original clip 527
Tracking the participants in the version with AD 529
Tracking the participants in the version with SDH 535
Concluding remarks 539
Summary 541
Further reading 541
Related topics 543
References 543
Filmography 545
18 Sociolinguistics and linguistic variation in audiovisual translation 546
Introduction 546
Key concepts in sociolinguistics 546
Subtitling and dubbing of linguistic variation 553
Medial constraints 553
Censorship 555
Taboo expressions 557
Dialect 559
Humour 567
Diglossia 567
Summary 569
Further reading 570
Related topics 571
References 571
Filmography 573
19 Gender in audiovisual translation studies Advocating for gender awareness 575
Gender in feminist film studies 580
Gender as a topic in audiovisual translation studies 582
Less advocacy-driven work 588
Future areas of development 594
Conclusion 596
Further reading 598
Related topics 598
References 599
Filmography 604
Part III. Research methods in audiovisual translation studies 606
20 Corpus-based audiovisual translation studies Ample room for development 608
A history of the area 608
Main issues in corpus-based audiovisual translation studies 609
Corpus compilation: types of corpora and construction criteria 609
Three corpora of audiovisual translation 613
Tools for corpus analysis 615
Approaches to corpus analysis 622
A close-up on applications in corpus-based audiovisual translation studies 624
Naturalness and the register-specificity of audiovisual translation 624
Translation tendencies: norms and universals In audiovisual translation 630
A closer look at translation strategies and overall distributions 630
Future trajectories 634
Summary 635
Further reading 635
Related topics 635
References 636
Sitography 642
21 Multimodal corpora in audiovisual translation studies 643
Introduction 643
Types of corpora in translation research and practice 643
Mining the Internet for multimodal corpora 645
Multimodal corpora 648
Multimodal corpora for audiovisual translation studies 652
Multimodal corpora for translation 652
Aspects of multimodal corpus design, building, and exploitation 654
Future trajectory and new debates 664
Summary 666
Further reading 668
Related topics 668
References 668
Sitography 671
22 Eye tracking in audiovisual translation research 673
Introduction 673
Eye tracking 674
Overview of the use of eye tracking in audiovisual translation research 676
The early studies: attention distribution 678
Subtitles, translation and language 680
Audience and language 682
Subtitle presentation rate 684
Subtitle rules and cognitive processing 685
Breaking the rules 686
Eye tracking and audio description 688
Eye-tracking measures used in audiovisual translation research 690
Future trajectories 696
Summary 698
Further reading 698
Related topics 700
References 700
23 Audiovisual translation and audience reception 705
Introduction 705
Research methods for audience reception in translation studies 706
Reception studies in AVT 708
Subtitling studies using eye tracking 708
Reception of humour and culture-specific items 714
Accessibility studies 716
The subtitling/dubbing debate 720
Subtitling, language learning and proficiency in foreign languages 721
Dimensions of reception 724
What is next? 726
Summary 727
Further reading 728
Related topics 728
References 729
24 Ethnographie research in audiovisual translation 736
Introduction 736
Netnography 739
A netnography of a fansubbing group 745
Locating and entering the fieldsite 745
Building research relationships 751
Fieldwork tools 755
Summary 758
Further reading 761
Related topics 761
References 761
Part IV. Audiovisual translation in society 765
25 Minority languages, language planning and audiovisual translation 767
Background 767
Minority and minoritized languages 772
Minority languages 772
Minoritized languages 775
AVT as a language planning tool 776
An indication of its future trajectory and new debates 780
Common research methods associated with the particular area 782
The influence of new technology on the area 784
Conclusion 786
Further reading 786
Related topics 788
References 788
Filmography 798
26 Audiovisual translation and popular music 799
Introduction 799
Interlingual translation of audiovisual popular music 800
Music video 800
Film and television 803
Intralingual translation of audiovisual popular music 810
Beyond subtitles-Alternative understandings of AVT and popular music 813
Research methods and avenues for future scholarship 819
Summary 823
Further reading 823
Related topics 825
References 825
Filmography 831
27 Audiovisual translation and fandom 832
Introduction 832
Historical overview 835
Trending topics and debates 839
Getting up to speed 839
Participatory Prosumers 841
Crowdsourcing 845
Emergent trajectories: major/minor 845
Summary 850
Further reading 851
Related topics 851
References 852
Filmography 861
28 Audiovisual translation and activism 863
Introduction 863
Activism in translation studies 864
Activism in audiovisual translation 866
Activist textual strategies in audiovisual translation 874
Experimentation and creativity: abusive subtitling and/vs préfiguration 876
The impact of technology 882
Summary 884
Related topics 884
Further Reading 884
References 886
Filmography 890
29 Audiovisual translator training 891
Introduction 891
Pedagogical and methodological approaches to translation and AVT training 892
The audiovisual translator's competences 894
Contents design 898
Resources 900
Tasks 902
Phase 1: Introduction to AVT and/or different AVT modes 904
Phase 2: Pre-translation practice in AVT 904
Phase 3: AVT projects 906
Phase 4: The profession 906
Assessment methods 907
Conclusions 910
Further reading 910
Related topics 912
References 912
30 Audiovisual translation in language teaching and learning 919
Introduction 919
A history of the area 919
Subtitled material in language learning 919
Active AVT tasks in language learning 922
Key theoretical perspectives 926
Research issues and methods 928
The influence of new technologies 934
Future trajectories and new debates 936
Summary 938
Further reading 940
Related topics 940
References 940
Sitography 947
31 Accessible filmmaking Translation and accessibility from production 948
Introduction 948
Background 949
Research 951
Contribution from ethnographic film(making) to audiovisual translation 951
Contribution from audiovisual translation to film(making) 953
Training 961
Professional practice 963
Conclusion 969
Summary 971
Further reading 973
Related topics 973
References 974
Filmography 980
32 Technologization of audiovisual translation 982
The beginnings of audiovisual translation 982
The digital revolution 983
Word processing, subtitling software, digital video, Web 1.0 983
DVDs and the template workflow in subtitling 985
First applications of language technologies in the translation industry 985
The broadband revolution: trends and debates 988
Outsourcing 989
Translation management systems and the cloud 989
Audiovisual content explosion 991
Crowdsourcing 993
Fansubbing 993
Enterprise crowdsourcing 995
The influence of technology in the era of Big Data 997
Speech recognition 999
Machine translation 1001
Speech synthesis 1007
Conclusion 1009
Further reading 1011
Related topics 1011
References 1012
Sitography 1025
Index 1029