Dane szczegółowe książki

INTRODUCTION 13
1. TRANSLATION EQUIVALENCE 23
1.1. Literalism versus functionalism 24
1.2. Representatives of the functional approach 25
1.3. Representatives of the literal approach 37
1.4. The dictionary myth 47
1.5. A cognitive approach 55
1.6. Questioning equivalence 60
2. TRANSLATION PROCESS 66
2.1. Model of communication process 66
2.1.1. Overview 67
2.1.2. The selection of the utterance deep structure 73
2.1.3. Mechanisms of reconstruction 79
2.1.4. Control mechanisms 88
2.1.5. Metaphoricity 91
2.2. The translation process 94
2.2.1 The death-of-the-author myth 96
2.2.2. Levels of translation process 99
2.2.3. Intertextuality 105
2.2.4. Other aspects of the reconstruction process 109
2.2.5. The projected reader 110
2.2.6. Phases of TL-text construction 113
2.2.7. Tertium comparationis 115
2.2.8. Equivalence revisited 117
2.3. Summary 120
3. SPECIAL TRANSLATIONAL SITUATIONS 124
3.1. User-centred translation 124
3.2. Codified translations 125
3.3. Constrained translation 126
3.4. Translating culturally remote texts 127
3.4.1. Texts remote in time 127
3.4.2. Exotic texts 130
3.5. Translation with a change of the text's function 130
3.6. Interlinear translation 131
4. TRANSLATING CULTURE-BOUND ITEMS 132
4.1. The myth of untranslatability 132
4.2. Translation techniques 137
4.2.1. Transfer without explanation 140
4.2.2. Transfer with explanation 141
4.2.3. Syntagmatic translation without explanation 142
4.2.4. Syntagmatic translation with explanation 143
4.2.5. Recognized equivalent 144
4.2.6. Functional equivalent 144
4.2.7. Hypernym 145
4.2.8. Descriptive equivalent 146
4.2.9. Omission 146
4.3. Dialogue of cultures 147
5. TRANSLATING PROPER NAMES 151
5.1. Characteristics of proper names 151
5.2. Translation problems 158
5.3. Translation techniques 159
5.4. Authentic anthroponyms 161
5.5. Realistic anthroponyms 162
5.6. Authentic toponyms 165
5.7. Intentional proper names 167
6. TRANSLATING TITLES 171
6.1. Functions of titles 171
6.1.1. The identifying function 172
6.1.2. The presentative function 175
6.1.3. The evocative function 176
6.1.4. The experiential function 177
6.1.5. The relative function 178
6.1.6. The commercial function 180
6.2. Other problems with translating titles 181
6.2.1. Cliches, well-known sayings, quotations 182
6.2.2. Undesirable associations of the most obvious equivalent 183
6.2.3. Ambiguity or polysemy of the original title 184
6.2.4. Convergence of titles in translation 185
6.3. Conclusions 186
7. TRANSLATING POLYPHONIC TEXTS 188
7.1. Berezowski's translation strategies 188
7.2. Classification of translation techniques adopted in the present work 193
7.3. Examples 195
8. TRANSLATION ERRORS 202
8.1. Taxonomy of translation errors 203
8.2. Errors of syntagmatic translation 207
8.2.1. Dictionary equivalents 207
8.2.2. False friends 208
8.2.3. Commonly accepted equivalents 209
8.2.4. Caiques 210
8.2.5. Unnecessary transfers 213
8.3. Misinterpretation errors 214
8.3.1. Mistaking two SL syntagms or verb frames 214
8.3.2. Misinterpreting scenes/scripts 216
8.3.3. Misconstruing the text's modality 218
8.4. Realization errors 220
8.4.1. Errors of the target language 220
8.4.2. Wrong evaluation of the TL readers' knowledge 221
8.4.3. Insufficient knowledge of the subject-matter 224
8.5. Meta-translation errors 225
8.5.1. Choice of translation technique 225
a) translating Anglo-Saxon weights and measures into Polish 225
b) translating titles and names (see also Chapters 5, 6) 226
c) using hypernyms 228
8.5.2. Additions 228
8.5.3. Omissions 229
8.5.4. Two versions 230
8.5.5. Too many or too few footnotes 231
8.5.6. Wrong translation strategy 235
8.5.7. 'Corrections' 236
8.5.8. Changing the text's intertextuality 236
8.6. Summary 237
9. TRANSLATION COMPETENCE 240
9.1. Knowledge of the two languages in question 245
9.2. Knowledge of both cultures 247
9.3. Ability to match structures of two languages/ cultures 248
9.4. General and specialist knowledge 250
9.5. Communicative skills 254
9.6. Effort after meaning 256
9.7. Knowledge of translation theory 257
9.8. Dispositions, traits of character 257
CONCLUSIONS 260
BIBLIOGRAPHY 271
Appendix 1 Translating culture-bound items (Chapter 4) 298
Appendix 2 Translating titles (Chapter 6) 302
Appendix 3 Translating polyphonic texts (Chapter 7) 305
Subject Index 306
Author Index 315