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Table of contents 8
Preface 10
How is Philosophy in Science Possible? 14
1. Introduction **1 14
2. Philosophy in Science and Philosophy of Science 15
3. The Influence of Philosophical Ideas on the Development and Evolution of Scientific Theories 16
4. Traditional Empirical Problems Intertwined with Empirical Theories 18
5. Philosophical Reflection over Some Assumptions of the Empirical Sciences 21
6. A Proviso and an Appeal 25
What is Reality? **1 26
Does Paraconsistent Logic Play Some Role in Physics? 34
1. What is paraconsistent logic? 34
2. Paraconsistency in Physics? Ideas Coming from W. Lawere and S. Majid 40
3. From Paraconsistent Logic of Closed Sets to Cosheaves 41
4. Images to Understand what a Sheaf and a Cosheaf Are 43
5. Physics with Cosheaves? 44
6. Appendix. Cosheaf: Tentative Definition and Examples **18 45
7. Post scriptum 48
How to Build Bridges between Statistical Physics and Cosmology? 49
Extending Cosmological Natural Selection 58
1. Introduction 58
2. Cosmological Natural Selection 60
3. Dimensional and Dimensionless Constants 65
4. Stable Mathematical Structures 73
5. Cosmogenic Drift 77
De motu: on Transitions and Their Decompositions 82
1. Introduction 82
2. Branching Space-Times and Transitions 84
Definition 1 (events and transitions) 85
Definition 2 (modal funny business) **9 87
Definition 3 (past causal loci) 87
Definition 4 (causa causans) 89
3. Decompositions of Transitions 89
Definition 1 (decomposition) 91
Definition 2 95
Definition 3 (causal equivalence relations) 96
4. Müller's Causal Probabilities 98
5. Holism 102
Definition 4 (admissible decompositions) 102
Definition 5 (admissible decompositions - signature-wise) 104
Definition 6 104
6. Discussion 107
A Comparison of Identity in Physics and Mathematics 109
Stephen Hawking's Ontology of Physical Theories 124
1. Introduction 124
2. The Origin of a Physical Theory and the Status of Theoretical Entities 127
3. The Philosophy of Hawking's Practice of Physics 130
4. Wick and Beyond 132
5. Ontology of Time 135
6. Conclusions 137
Is Experimental Metaphysics Possible? 140
1. Quantum Mechanics and Duhem's Arguments 141
2. How to Interpret the Results of the Aspect Experiments? 143
3. Between Philosophy and Science 146
4. New Quality Emerges 149
Quantum Cosmology and Creation 152
Philosophical Issues in Biology: Reduction and Emergence; Adaptation and Teleology; Contingency and Determinism. An Introduction **1 156
1. Introduction 156
2. Reduction and Emergence in the Living World 158
3. Teleological Explanations in Biology 164
4. Contingency and Determinism or Chance and Necessity 176
Philosophy in Neuroscience 182
1. The Apriorization Fallacy 183
2. Philosophy in Science 191
3. The Structure of Neuroscience 199
4. Philosophical Issues in Neuroscience 203
Emotional Coloration of Consciousness: How Feelings Come About **2 209
1. Emotions, Feelings and Consciousness: An Overview 209
A. Defining Emotions 210
B. Fear as a Model System 212
C. Fearful Feelings 217
D. Emotional Coloration of Cognition 218
E. Working Memory as an Functional Framework of Cognition, Consciousness, and Feeling 222
F. Language and Consciousness 224
G. Looking Forward 225
2. Unconscious Processing of Fear Arousing Events 225
A. Unconscious Processing of Threats in Humans 226
B. Brain Mechanisms Mediating Threat Processing in Animals 229
1. Learning and Storing Information About Threats 231
2. Emotional Control Over Instrumental Actions 233
3. Emotional Regulation 233
4. Processing Unlearned Threats 235
C. Unconscious Threat Processing in the Human Amygdala 236
1. Unconscious Amygdala Processing in Humans 236
2. Sensory Pathways Mediating Unconscious Processing in Humans 238
3. Functional Implications of Unconscious Processing By the Amygdala in Humans 241
3. Feeling Afraid: Awareness of Being in Danger 243
A. What Is a Feeling? 243
B. Emotional Representation: Integration of Sensory, Memory, and Emotional Information 246
C. Attention to Emotional Representations Allows Their Use in Thought and Behavior 248
D. Working Memory Underlies Feelings 249
1. What Is Working Memory? 250
2. Brain Mechanisms of Working Memory 254
3. Representation of Emotional Information in Working Memory 259
4. Working Memory and Feeling 265
E. The Role of Language in Feelings and Other Forms of Consciousness 266
Neuro-Evolutionary Aspects of Feelings and Consciousness 271
Sorting Out the Consciousness Network 278
Minimal Requirements of a Feeling: Raw Feels 280
Conclusion: Feeling Our Way Through Consciousness 281
Some Remarks on Plato's Aporia of Memory and Imagination 282
1. The Beginnings 282
2. To Preserve and to Reconstruct 284
3. Memories are in the Brain 286
Semantic Loops 288
A Different Perspective on the Problem of the Truthfulness of Norms 307
The Mathematicity of the World and the Problem of Induction 315
1. Philosophy in science and the problem of induction 315
2. Map of Strategies of Tackling the Problem of Induction 318
2.1. The Problem of Induction is Real, Important and Insoluble 318
2.2. The Problem of Induction is Real, Important, and Soluble 319
2.2.1. Ontological Solution: the Thesis of the Uniformity of Nature 319
2.2.2. Non-Ontological Solutions 320
Intuitive solution 320
Pragmatic solution 321
2.3. The Problem of Induction is Real but Unimportant 322
Method of conjectures and refutations (hypothetical-deductive method) 323
Bayesianism 324
2.4. The Problem of Induction is Apparent 325
3. Second Ontological Solution to the Problem of Induction: Michael Heller's Thesis of the Mathematicity of the World 326
The Influence of Philosophy and Theology upon Mathematics 331
1. Introduction 331
2. Mathematics Emerges from Philosophy (Classical Greece) 333
3. Theology Paves the Way to Acknowledge Infinity in Mathematics (the Middle Ages) 335
4. Theology Opens the Door to Descriptive Set Theory (Beginning of the 20th Century) 339
5. Conclusion 343
Grassmann's and Veronese's Constructivism 345
19th Century Beginnings of the Krakow Philosophy of Nature 362
1. The Beginnings 362
2. Władysław Heinrich on the Relations between Philosophy and Science 363
3. Maurycy Straszewski on the Role of Philosophy 365
4. Remarks on the Role of the History of Philosophy and the History of Science 367
5. Instead of a Summary: Between Tradition and Contemporary Challenges 368