Dane szczegółowe książki
Culture & gender: an intimate relation / Chybicka, Aneta; Safdar, Saba F. (1964-); Kwiatkowska, Anna
Tytuł
Culture & gender: an intimate relation
Tytuł oryginału
Culture & gender : an intimate relation
Wydawnictwo
Gdańsk ; Sopot: Gdańskie Wydawnictwo Psychologiczne, 2010
ISBN
9788374892339
Hasła przedmiotowe
Spis treści
pokaż spis treści
About the Authors 18
Preface 24
Part I. Adaptation across cultures 26
Introduction 26
References 29
1. An Investigation into the Adaptation of Immigrants to Urban and Rural Canada Using the Multidimensional Individual Difference Acculturation (MIDA) model 30
Abstract 30
1.1. Patterns of Immigrant Settlement 30
1.2. Acculturation and Adjustment of Immigrants 35
1.2.1. Overview of the Present Research 37
1.2.2. Method Participants 39
1.2.3. Results 47
1.3. Discussion 55
1.3.1. Consistent Relations 55
1.3.2. Comparison of the Present Models with Previous Tests of the IDA Model 56
1.3.3. Findings Specific to Rural Sample 59
1.3.4. Findings Specific to Urban Sample 60
1.3.5. Policy 61
1.3.6. Limitations 62
References 63
2. A Longitudinal Examination of the MIDA model wih International Students 69
Abstract 69
2.1. Introduction 69
2.1.1. International Students in Canada 70
2.1.2. Cross-Cultural Adjustment 70
2.2. The Multi-Dimensional Individual Difference Acculturation (MIDA) Model 74
2.2.1. The Present Study 76
2.2.2. Method 77
2.2.3. Results 82
2.3. Model Specification 83
2.3.1. Model Analysis 86
2.4. Discussion 90
2.5. Conclusion 92
References 93
3. The Contribution of Religion to Culture: British Muslims' Representations of Chronic Pain 99
Abstract 99
3.1. Introduction 99
3.2. Culture & Pain: Research 101
3.3. Aims of the Present Study 103
3.3.1. Methods & Procedures 104
3.4. Causes of Pain 112
3.4.1. God & Destiny 112
3.4.2. Punishment or Test? 112
3.5. Responses to Pain 115
3.5.1. Pain Responses Directly Related to Religion 115
3.5.2. It Could be Worse 116
3.5.3. God Cures Pain (but Shared Responsibility) 117
3.5.4. Bear Your Pain 118
3.5.5. External Locus of Control 119
3.5.6. Self-Management 120
3.6. Therapeutic Interventions 120
3.6.1. Biomedicine 120
3.6.2. Diagnostic Tests & Information 122
3.6.3. "Hands on" Interventions 122
3.7. Faith in Experts & Unfulfilled Expectations 126
3.8. Discussion 126
3.8.1. Acceptance 127
3.8.2. Control 128
3.8.3. Other comments 129
References 130
4. The Inclusion of Culture in an Understanding, or Formulation, of Clients and Colleagues 135
Abstract 135
4.1. Introduction 135
4.2. Caveats 137
4.3. Definitions 139
4.4. Dimensions of Culture 141
4.4.1. Individualism/Collectivism 143
4.4.2. Masculinity/Femininity 145
4.4.3. Power Distance 146
4.5. Conclusion 156
References 157
Appendix A 161
Acculturation Index 161
Part II. Culture and gender identity 164
Negotiating identity - a never ending story 164
References 173
5. Identity in a multicultural environment: a gender perspective 176
Abstract 176
5.1. Cross-cultural relations and identity 177
5.2. Gender in acculturation research 183
5.3. Identity 187
5.4. Gender, self-concept and identity 191
5.5. Immigrants' life from a feminine perspective 194
5.6. Family, in-group and out-group 199
5.7. Conclusions 205
References 205
6. Culture as a factor influencing expression of one's own identity: Measuring gender identity 212
Abstract 212
6.1. Introduction: Theoretical background of gender identity measurement 212
6.2. Measurement tool: Hoffman Gender Scale 217
6.3. Questioning the theoretical basis of the HGS 218
6.4. HGS adaptation and validation: Polish studies **1 221
6.4.1. Study 1. Initial adaptation of the HGS 221
6.4.2. Study 2. Two-factor structure verification, test-retest reliability and discriminant validity data **3 223
6.4.3. Test-retest reliability 226
6.4.4. Discriminant validity 227
6.5. Additional analyses: Firefighters' sub-sample 233
Summary 237
6.6. Additional analyses: Measures of Well-being 239
Summary 241
6.7. General discussion 242
6.8. Limitations and recommendations for future research 247
References 249
7. Between Tradition and Modernity: Gender Roles in Post-Conflict Kosovo. The Albanian Case **1 254
Abstract 254
7.1. Introduction: Kosovo Background 255
7.1.1. Research questions 259
7.1.2. Methodology 261
7.1.3. Procedure 265
7.1.4. Participants-respondents 265
7.1.5. Ethical issues 267
7.2. Data Analysis - Qualitative Data 267
7.2.1. Cultural Factors: Man as the Main Context 267
7.2.2. The Case of the Businesswoman 269
7.3. Data Analysis - Quantitative Data 271
7.3.1. Life satisfaction: particular aspects 271
7.3.2. Satisfaction from work 275
7.3.3. Work vs. Family and Family vs. Work Conflicts 277
7.4. Discussion and Answer to the Research Questions 281
7.4.1. What are the characteristics of the female gender role in Kosovo? 281
7.4.2. What are the individual, social and cultural factors affecting a woman's decision to work or stay at home? 285
7.4.3. How are women perceived in the context of work? 290
7.5. Research in Kosovo: Challenges and Opportunities 291
7.6. Characteristics of Albanian Culture in Kosovo 293
References 294
Part III. Gender stereotypes and selected aspects of psychological functioning of men and women - cultural and cross-cultural perspective 297
A. Deconstructing femininity 297
Introduction 297
References 302
8. The Role of Culture and Gender in Functioning in Romantic Relationships and in the Perception of Gender Roles **1 303
Abstract 303
8.1. Introduction 303
8.1.1. Social exchange in marriage - between rational and emotional benefits 305
8.1.2. Gender role ideology from a cultural perspective 307
8.2. Method 311
8.2.1. Participants 311
8.2.2. Measurement 311
8.2.3. Specific hypotheses 315
8.3. Results 316
8.3.1. Personal gains and losses as predictors of satisfaction with a relationship and satisfaction with a partner 316
8.4. Stereotypical views on female roles 326
8.5. Conclusions 328
References 331
9. Fertility and Gender Role Attitudes: A Multilevel Analysis of a Complex Relationship 335
Abstract 335
9.1. Introduction 335
9.1.1. Hypotheses 341
9.1.2. Methods 347
9.1.3. Results 349
9.2. Discussion 359
References 361
10. Obstacles and supports in women's career 365
10.1. Introduction 365
10.2. Changes in women's situation 365
10.3. Women in management **1 368
10.4. International data 370
10.5. Good news and bad news: explaining the trends 376
10.6. Summary 386
References 388
11. Watch out for a different culture - there are no assumed rules 391
Abstract 391
11.1. Introduction 391
11.2. An exemplary cultural assimilator 398
Stage 1 - the participants get to know each other; preliminary integration of the group 400
Stage 2 - presentation of the training objectives 402
Stage 3 - the group contract 403
Stage 4 - culture and limitations of thinking 404
Stage 5 - dimensions of culture 408
Stage 6 - diagnosing of cultural dimensions 412
Stage 7 - Working out of the proper patterns of behavior in the host culture 417
Stage 8 - practising the right patterns of behavior in the host culture through role-play 417
Stage 9 - summary and end of training 419
References 419
B. Deconstructing masculinity 420
Introduction 420
References 422
12. The psychopathic perpetrator of an incest offence - the role of sex or gender? 423
Abstract 423
12.1. Introduction 425
12.1.1. Sex and psychopathic personality 426
12.1.2. Participants 429
12.1.3. Procedure 430
12.1.4. Results 431
12.2. Sexuality and psychopathic personality 435
12.3. Psychopathy and incest offences 441
12.4. Perpetrators of incest offences 445
12.4.1. Father - as the psychopathic perpetrator of an incest offence 446
12.4.2. Mother - as the psychopathic perpetrator of an incest offence 451
12.5. Summary 455
References 455
13. Life plans of homosexual and heterosexual men in Poland - socio-cultural perspective 461
Abstract 461
13.1. Introduction 463
13.2. Sexual orientation and personality structure 465
13.3. Homosexual sexual orientation and social functioning 465
13.4. Research Aims 469
13.5. Method 473
13.5.1. Hypotheses 473
13.5.2. Procedure and participants 473
13.5.3. Measures 475
13.5.4. Results 477
13.6. Sexual orientation and psychological sex as determinants of life-plan content 483
13.7. Sexual orientation and psychological sex as determinants of the formal features of life plans 492
13.8. Discussion 494
References 499
14. In Search of a New Man: Masculinity in Haruki Murakami's Early Novels 503
Abstract 503
14.1. Introduction 503
14.2. Between East and West 504
14.3. Gender roles in Japan 506
14.4. Murakami's New Man 510
14.4.1. Family bonds 513
14.4.2. Career 515
14.4.3. Clothing and appearance 516
14.4.4. Sex 517
14.4.5. Drinking habits 518
14.5. Conclusions 520
List of abbreviations 524
References 524
Preface 24
Part I. Adaptation across cultures 26
Introduction 26
References 29
1. An Investigation into the Adaptation of Immigrants to Urban and Rural Canada Using the Multidimensional Individual Difference Acculturation (MIDA) model 30
Abstract 30
1.1. Patterns of Immigrant Settlement 30
1.2. Acculturation and Adjustment of Immigrants 35
1.2.1. Overview of the Present Research 37
1.2.2. Method Participants 39
1.2.3. Results 47
1.3. Discussion 55
1.3.1. Consistent Relations 55
1.3.2. Comparison of the Present Models with Previous Tests of the IDA Model 56
1.3.3. Findings Specific to Rural Sample 59
1.3.4. Findings Specific to Urban Sample 60
1.3.5. Policy 61
1.3.6. Limitations 62
References 63
2. A Longitudinal Examination of the MIDA model wih International Students 69
Abstract 69
2.1. Introduction 69
2.1.1. International Students in Canada 70
2.1.2. Cross-Cultural Adjustment 70
2.2. The Multi-Dimensional Individual Difference Acculturation (MIDA) Model 74
2.2.1. The Present Study 76
2.2.2. Method 77
2.2.3. Results 82
2.3. Model Specification 83
2.3.1. Model Analysis 86
2.4. Discussion 90
2.5. Conclusion 92
References 93
3. The Contribution of Religion to Culture: British Muslims' Representations of Chronic Pain 99
Abstract 99
3.1. Introduction 99
3.2. Culture & Pain: Research 101
3.3. Aims of the Present Study 103
3.3.1. Methods & Procedures 104
3.4. Causes of Pain 112
3.4.1. God & Destiny 112
3.4.2. Punishment or Test? 112
3.5. Responses to Pain 115
3.5.1. Pain Responses Directly Related to Religion 115
3.5.2. It Could be Worse 116
3.5.3. God Cures Pain (but Shared Responsibility) 117
3.5.4. Bear Your Pain 118
3.5.5. External Locus of Control 119
3.5.6. Self-Management 120
3.6. Therapeutic Interventions 120
3.6.1. Biomedicine 120
3.6.2. Diagnostic Tests & Information 122
3.6.3. "Hands on" Interventions 122
3.7. Faith in Experts & Unfulfilled Expectations 126
3.8. Discussion 126
3.8.1. Acceptance 127
3.8.2. Control 128
3.8.3. Other comments 129
References 130
4. The Inclusion of Culture in an Understanding, or Formulation, of Clients and Colleagues 135
Abstract 135
4.1. Introduction 135
4.2. Caveats 137
4.3. Definitions 139
4.4. Dimensions of Culture 141
4.4.1. Individualism/Collectivism 143
4.4.2. Masculinity/Femininity 145
4.4.3. Power Distance 146
4.5. Conclusion 156
References 157
Appendix A 161
Acculturation Index 161
Part II. Culture and gender identity 164
Negotiating identity - a never ending story 164
References 173
5. Identity in a multicultural environment: a gender perspective 176
Abstract 176
5.1. Cross-cultural relations and identity 177
5.2. Gender in acculturation research 183
5.3. Identity 187
5.4. Gender, self-concept and identity 191
5.5. Immigrants' life from a feminine perspective 194
5.6. Family, in-group and out-group 199
5.7. Conclusions 205
References 205
6. Culture as a factor influencing expression of one's own identity: Measuring gender identity 212
Abstract 212
6.1. Introduction: Theoretical background of gender identity measurement 212
6.2. Measurement tool: Hoffman Gender Scale 217
6.3. Questioning the theoretical basis of the HGS 218
6.4. HGS adaptation and validation: Polish studies **1 221
6.4.1. Study 1. Initial adaptation of the HGS 221
6.4.2. Study 2. Two-factor structure verification, test-retest reliability and discriminant validity data **3 223
6.4.3. Test-retest reliability 226
6.4.4. Discriminant validity 227
6.5. Additional analyses: Firefighters' sub-sample 233
Summary 237
6.6. Additional analyses: Measures of Well-being 239
Summary 241
6.7. General discussion 242
6.8. Limitations and recommendations for future research 247
References 249
7. Between Tradition and Modernity: Gender Roles in Post-Conflict Kosovo. The Albanian Case **1 254
Abstract 254
7.1. Introduction: Kosovo Background 255
7.1.1. Research questions 259
7.1.2. Methodology 261
7.1.3. Procedure 265
7.1.4. Participants-respondents 265
7.1.5. Ethical issues 267
7.2. Data Analysis - Qualitative Data 267
7.2.1. Cultural Factors: Man as the Main Context 267
7.2.2. The Case of the Businesswoman 269
7.3. Data Analysis - Quantitative Data 271
7.3.1. Life satisfaction: particular aspects 271
7.3.2. Satisfaction from work 275
7.3.3. Work vs. Family and Family vs. Work Conflicts 277
7.4. Discussion and Answer to the Research Questions 281
7.4.1. What are the characteristics of the female gender role in Kosovo? 281
7.4.2. What are the individual, social and cultural factors affecting a woman's decision to work or stay at home? 285
7.4.3. How are women perceived in the context of work? 290
7.5. Research in Kosovo: Challenges and Opportunities 291
7.6. Characteristics of Albanian Culture in Kosovo 293
References 294
Part III. Gender stereotypes and selected aspects of psychological functioning of men and women - cultural and cross-cultural perspective 297
A. Deconstructing femininity 297
Introduction 297
References 302
8. The Role of Culture and Gender in Functioning in Romantic Relationships and in the Perception of Gender Roles **1 303
Abstract 303
8.1. Introduction 303
8.1.1. Social exchange in marriage - between rational and emotional benefits 305
8.1.2. Gender role ideology from a cultural perspective 307
8.2. Method 311
8.2.1. Participants 311
8.2.2. Measurement 311
8.2.3. Specific hypotheses 315
8.3. Results 316
8.3.1. Personal gains and losses as predictors of satisfaction with a relationship and satisfaction with a partner 316
8.4. Stereotypical views on female roles 326
8.5. Conclusions 328
References 331
9. Fertility and Gender Role Attitudes: A Multilevel Analysis of a Complex Relationship 335
Abstract 335
9.1. Introduction 335
9.1.1. Hypotheses 341
9.1.2. Methods 347
9.1.3. Results 349
9.2. Discussion 359
References 361
10. Obstacles and supports in women's career 365
10.1. Introduction 365
10.2. Changes in women's situation 365
10.3. Women in management **1 368
10.4. International data 370
10.5. Good news and bad news: explaining the trends 376
10.6. Summary 386
References 388
11. Watch out for a different culture - there are no assumed rules 391
Abstract 391
11.1. Introduction 391
11.2. An exemplary cultural assimilator 398
Stage 1 - the participants get to know each other; preliminary integration of the group 400
Stage 2 - presentation of the training objectives 402
Stage 3 - the group contract 403
Stage 4 - culture and limitations of thinking 404
Stage 5 - dimensions of culture 408
Stage 6 - diagnosing of cultural dimensions 412
Stage 7 - Working out of the proper patterns of behavior in the host culture 417
Stage 8 - practising the right patterns of behavior in the host culture through role-play 417
Stage 9 - summary and end of training 419
References 419
B. Deconstructing masculinity 420
Introduction 420
References 422
12. The psychopathic perpetrator of an incest offence - the role of sex or gender? 423
Abstract 423
12.1. Introduction 425
12.1.1. Sex and psychopathic personality 426
12.1.2. Participants 429
12.1.3. Procedure 430
12.1.4. Results 431
12.2. Sexuality and psychopathic personality 435
12.3. Psychopathy and incest offences 441
12.4. Perpetrators of incest offences 445
12.4.1. Father - as the psychopathic perpetrator of an incest offence 446
12.4.2. Mother - as the psychopathic perpetrator of an incest offence 451
12.5. Summary 455
References 455
13. Life plans of homosexual and heterosexual men in Poland - socio-cultural perspective 461
Abstract 461
13.1. Introduction 463
13.2. Sexual orientation and personality structure 465
13.3. Homosexual sexual orientation and social functioning 465
13.4. Research Aims 469
13.5. Method 473
13.5.1. Hypotheses 473
13.5.2. Procedure and participants 473
13.5.3. Measures 475
13.5.4. Results 477
13.6. Sexual orientation and psychological sex as determinants of life-plan content 483
13.7. Sexual orientation and psychological sex as determinants of the formal features of life plans 492
13.8. Discussion 494
References 499
14. In Search of a New Man: Masculinity in Haruki Murakami's Early Novels 503
Abstract 503
14.1. Introduction 503
14.2. Between East and West 504
14.3. Gender roles in Japan 506
14.4. Murakami's New Man 510
14.4.1. Family bonds 513
14.4.2. Career 515
14.4.3. Clothing and appearance 516
14.4.4. Sex 517
14.4.5. Drinking habits 518
14.5. Conclusions 520
List of abbreviations 524
References 524