Dane szczegółowe książki

Table of contents 4
Introduction 6
References 24
Chapter 1.Defining Sillan interpreters in first-millennium East Asian exchanges 26
1. Introduction 26
2. Historical background of the three kingdoms on the Korean peninsula 32
3. Data source: Monk Ennin's travelogue 36
4. Sillan interpreters in Ennirfs diary 42
5. Tasks of Sillan interpreters 50
6. Sillan interpreters as trade brokers 54
7.Discussion and implications 60
7.1 What is in the title of “Sillan interpreters”? 60
7.2 The misleading title of “Sillan interpreters” 62
8. Conclusions 66
Acknowledgements 70
References 70
Chapter 2.Interpreting practices in the Age of Discovery: The early stages of the Spanish empire in the Americas **01 77
1. Previous research, sources and theoretical framework 77
2.Traditional interpreting practices during the first voyages of discovery 81
3.New communication strategies in the early colonial administration:Steps towards stable institutional interpreting practices 91
3.1 Appointment of staff interpreters in colonial Audiencias 95
3.1.1 Nahuatlatos and general interpreters 99
3.2 Interpreters of ecclesiastical courts in sixteenth-century colonial New Spain 103
4. Concluding remarks: Interpreters as critical links 107
References 109
Primary sources 109
Secondary sources 110
Chapter 3.Interpreting for the Inquisition 116
1. Introduction 116
2. Spheres of the Inquisition’s activities in which interpreting was required 122
2.1 Jews 124
2.2 Moriscos 126
2.3 Speakers of other languages in the Iberian Peninsula and Sicily 128
2.4 Indigenous populations 131
2.5 African slaves 136
2.6 Protestants 138
3. Common situations in which interpreters intervened 140
3.1 District visits 140
3.2 Ship visits 142
3.3 Spontaneous conversions 144
3.4 Trials 147
3.4.1 The Morisco Maria Aldamis 149
3.4.2 The Mexican cacique of Tetzcoco 150
3.4.3 The German Sebastian Chine 151
3.4.4 More than one interpreter at a time 152
4. Status, requisites, categories and appointment of interpreters 154
4.1 Status and requisites 154
4.2 Categories and appointment 156
5. Provisional conclusions 158
References 162
Chapter 4.Nagasaki Tsūji in historical novels by Yoshimura Akira: An alternative way of studying the history of interpreters 170
1. Introduction 170
2. Brief history of tsūji 174
2.1 Tsūji in early days 174
2.2 Nagasaki Tsuji as official interpreters 175
3. Historical study of tsūji 176
3.1 Recent studies 176
3.2 Findings about Nagasaki Tsuji 178
3.3 Historical novels 180
4. Novelist Yoshimura’s interest in Oranda Tsuji 184
4.1 Fuyu no taka [Hawks in winter] 185
4.2 Von Siebold no musume [The daughter of Von Siebold] 189
“Siebold Crisis” 192
The task of the interpreter 196
4.3 Umi no sairei [Festival of the sea] 198
4.4 Kurofune [The black ships] 204
5. Conclusion 208
References 210
Chapter 5.The U.S. Department of State’s Corps of Student Interpreters: A precursor to the diplomatic interpreting of today?**01 217
1. Primary source materials 223
2. The need for language-proficient personnel 225
3. Precursors and models 227
4. Program establishment 229
5. Program implementation 235
6. Challenges with recruitment 237
7. Criteria for selection 241
8. Career progression and status 243
9. Impressions of student-interpreters 248
10. Program dissolution 260
11. Mixed success 262
12. Evolution of the Translation Bureau in Washington 262
13. Legacy - Preparing interpreters to become diplomats 264
References 268
Appendix 1 271
Appendix 2 273
Chapter 6.At the dawn of simultaneous interpreting in the USSR: Filling some gaps in history**01 280
1. In lieu of introduction 280
2. Language practices and language problems of early 20th-centuryinternational conferences 284
3. Doctor V. Z. Epshtein, inventor of “an apparatus for translation from all languages” in the USSR 292
4. Simultaneous interpreting at the 6th Comintern Congress, 1928 304
1. Discussion of time savings and interpreting quality 310
2. Mention of Western experience 312
3. Opinion on accuracy of SI vs. Cl 314
4. Cost/benefit analysis of using the new system 314
5. Description of system installation 316
6. Relay interpreting 320
5. First conference interpreters in the USSR 328
6. Interpreter training and working conditions 332
7. Conclusion 334
Primary sources 336
References 338
Chapter 7.The use of photographs as historical sources, a case study: Early simultaneous interpreting at the United Nations 342
1. Theoretical and methodological approach 342
2. Simultaneous interpreting at the United Nations: The context 348
3. Looking past the photographs 350
3.1 The simultaneous revolution: Equipment 354
3.1.1 “Wireless wiring”: The instant communication symbol 354
3.1.2 Booths: The vanishing point and the punctum 370
3.2 The simultaneous revolution: Grey cells at work in fish tanks 374
3.3 The consequences of the simultaneous revolution for other language services: The 378
4. Concluding remarks 382
References 384
Unpublished sources 384
Published sources 386
Chapter 8.“Crime” of interpreting: Taiwanese interpreters as war criminals of World War II 392
1. Introduction 392
2. Taiwanese interpreters as war criminals 400
2.1 Overview of Taiwanese wartime interpreters and war crimes trials 402
2.2 Training and activities of interpreters 406
2.3 Returning colonial powers and war crimes trials 410
2.4 Special “connection” with local Chinese 413
2.5 Ad hoc interpreters 418
2.6 “Chinese” proficiency 422
2.7 Taiwanese interpreters and Chinese POWs 432
2.8 Sequence of events: Ad hoc interpreters and war crimes 434
3. Conclusion 442
References 444
Primary sources 444
Secondary sources 445
Chinese 445
English 447
Japanese 451
Chapter 9.Guilt, survival, opportunities, and stigma: Japanese interpreters in the postwar occupation period (1945-1952) 454
1. Introduction 454
2. Interpreters and war crimes trials 456
2.1 Interpreting the trial proceedings 458
2.2 Interpreters as war criminals 463
2.3 Interpreters as witnesses 468
3. Interpreters serving foreign military occupiers 468
3.1 Recruitment and training 470
3.2 Japanese women and interpreting 472
3.3 Censoring Japanese 476
4. Discussion 477
4.1 Fate of wartime interpreters 478
4.2 Motivations for serving the occupier 482
4.3 Personal dilemmas and social stigma 484
5. Conclusion 486
References 488
Chapter 10.Risk analysis as a heuristic tool in the historiography of interpreters 497
1. Introduction 497
2. The importance of speaking, as opposed to writing 499
3. Best and worst practices in an Afghanistan encounter 503
4. Presence as proximate alternative action 514
5. Best practices for US counterinsurgency? 517
6. Proximate action and where history lies 522
7. Postscript: So why a history of interpreters? 524
References 530
Appendix 533
Name index 539
Subject index 549