Dane szczegółowe książki

Abbreviations and acronyms 8
Acknowledgements 9
Introduction 10
Aim of this book 10
Outline 11
1. Introducing translation studies research 12
1.0 Introduction 12
1.1 Where is the translator? 12
1.2 Theoretical approaches, methodological issues and conflicting viewpoints 14
1.3 Chesterman’s models of translation for translation research 19
1.3.1 The comparative model, polysystems and corpora 19
Further reading 21
Discussion and research points 21
Corpus linguistics and translation 22
2.0 Introduction 22
2.1 Translation in corpus linguistics 22
2.2 Studying language use 24
2.3 Theoretical frameworks for corpus methods in translation studies 26
2.3.1 Descriptive study of translation 28
2.3.2 Assumed and prototypical translations, norms and universals 28
2.3.3 Contextualization of translation 32
2.4 Perspectives on corpora in translation studies 33
Further reading 34
Discussion and research points 34
3.Parallel corpora 35
3.0 Introduction 35
3.1 Defining a parallel corpus 35
3.2 Text availability and directionality 36
3.3 Alignment 36
3.4 Parallel corpora in contrastive linguistic analysis 37
3.5 Parallel corpora and the study of translation 39
Further reading 45
Discussion and research points 45
4.Comparable corpora 46
4.0 Introduction 46
4.1 Defining a comparable corpus 46
4.2 Comparable corpora in translation studies 46
4.3 Aims of comparable corpus research in translation studies 48
4.4 Sources of controversy? 48
4.4.1 Studying the translation process by analysing the product 49
4.4.2 Studying translation without studying the source texts 50
4.4.3 Studying influences and constraints on the translation process 51
4.4.4 Comparability of corpora 53
4.4.5 Translation evaluation 53
4.5 Combining comparable corpus and parallel corpus analyses 55
Further reading 56
Discussion and research points 56
5.Corpus design 57
5.0 Introduction 57
5.1 General corpus design issues 57
5.2 Corpus design issues in translation studies 59
5.3 Practical aspects of corpus compilation 60
5.3.1 Funding a corpus compilation project 60
5.3.2 Making texts machine readable 62
5.3.3 Obtaining copyright permissions 63
5.3.4 Tagging and annotating a corpus 64
5.3.5 Aligning a parallel corpus 70
5.3.6 Collecting and encoding other data 70
5.4 Design and compilation criteria of specific corpora 72
5.4.1 English-Norwegian Parallel Corpus 72
5.4.2 English-Italian Translational Corpus 73
5.4.3 German-English Parallel Corpus of Literary Texts 74
5.4.4 Corpus of children’s fantasy literature 75
5.4.5 The Translational English Corpus 75
5.4.6 Corpus of Translated Finnish 77
Further reading 78
Discussion and research points 78
6.Corpus tools and data analysis 79
6.0 Introduction 79
6.1 Data extraction and analysis 79
6.2 Concordancing tools 80
6.2.1 Keyword in context 80
6.2.2 Sorting of concordances 80
6.2.3 Using tags in searches 88
6.2.4 Working with large quantities of data 91
6.2.5 Using the co-text 94
6.2.6 Analysing concordances 95
6.2.7 Bilingual concordancing 96
6.3 Frequency lists and other quantitative measures 100
6.3.1 Frequency list 100
6.3.2 Type-token ratio, sentence and word lengths 102
6.3.3 Lexical density 108
6.4 Keywords 108
6.5 Collocation and semantic prosody 110
6.6 Quantitative analysis, qualitative analysis and statistics 116
Further reading 119
Discussion and research points 119
7. Features of translation 122
7.0 Introduction 122
7.1 What influences the translator? 122
7.2 Baker’s features of translation 123
7.2.1 Are translation features universal? 123
7.2.2 Explicitation 124
7.2.3 Normalization or conservatism 129
7.2.4 Simplification 132
7.2.5 Levelling out 134
7.2.6 Co-occurrence of features 134
7.3Case study: quantitative pilot study of optional syntactic elements in translation 140
7.3.1Data 140
7.3.2 Omission of relative pronoun wh-/that 142
7.3.3Omission of complementizer to 144
7.3.4 Omission in (while) *ing and (after) having + participle 144
7.3.5Omission of in order 147
7.3.6 Case study conclusion 147
7.4Case study: investigation of lexical productivity through analysis of -ish forms 148
7.4.1Background to -ish 148
7.4.2Data 150
7.4.3Preliminary findings 151
7.4.4Colour -ish forms 152
7.4.5Numerals and adjectival bases 152
7.4.6Nominal bases - lexicalized 153
7.4.7Nominal bases - creative 154
7.4.8Creative forms in TECFIC 154
7.4.9Creative forms in BNCFIC 159
7.4.10Case study conclusion 163
7.5Case study: investigation of lexical variation through analysis of colour terms 165
7.5.1Background to colour terms 165
7.5.2Data 166
7.5.3Preliminary findings 166
7.5.4Reference to basic colours 166
7.5.5 Use of synonyms and lexical variation 171
7.5.6Case study conclusion 176
7.6Case study: investigation of moderators in translation 176
7.6.1Background to involved production, hedges and moderators 179
7.6.2 Quite, rather, pretty and fairly 181
7.6.3Data 182
7.6.4Overview of quantitative findings 182
7.6.5Qualitative analysis of pretty 182
7.6.6Qualitative analysis of fairly 187
7.6.7Qualitative analysis of rather 190
7.6.8Qualitative analysis of quite 196
7.6.9 A glance at relatively and moderately 203
7.6.10Summary of findings 203
7.6.11Case study conclusion 214
Further reading 217
8 .Translators, style and ideology 218
8.0Introduction 218
8.1Stylometry and stylistics 218
8.2Linguistic analysis of literary style 219
8.3Translator’s style 219
8.4Corpora and ideology 222
8.5Corpus-based study of translator’s style 223
8.5.1Translators motivated by need far cultural mediation? 223
8.5.2Translators motivated by readers’ expectations? 226
8.5.3Translators serving ideology? 227
8.5.4Translation and the editorial process 227
8.6Case study: investigation of contraction patterns in individual translators 229
8.6.1Data 229
8.6.2Preliminary findings 229
8.6.3Analysis by source-text author and genre 235
8.6.4Case study conclusion 239
8.7Case study: investigation of translator’s lexical choice using keywords analysis 240
8.7.1Data 240
8.7.2Preliminary findings 240
8.7.3Significance of lexical and grammatical choices 246
8.7.4 Case study conclusion 251
Further reading 251
9 Corpora in translator training 252
9.0Introduction 252
9.1Parallel corpora in translator training 252
9.1.1Focus on terminology and bilingual lexis 252
9.1.2 Focus on translation strategies 253
9.1.3 Compiling parallel corpora 254
9.2Comparable corpora in translator training 256
9.3Learner corpora 256
9.4Corpus know-how 257
9.5Subversion and invention 258
Further reading 260
Discussion and research points 260
10 Corpora in translation practice 261
10.0Introduction 261
10.1Corpora and the translation profession 261
10.2 Corpus as bilingual lexis resource 262
10.3 Corpora for LSP acquisition, terminology and technical writing 263
10.4 Corpus resources for literary translation 266
10.5 Online corpus availability 269
10.5.1 Web as corpus 270
10.5.2Monolingual reference corpora 271
10.5.3 Parallel corpora 272
10.6Translation memory as parallel corpus 274
10.7Availability of corpus resources worldwide 274
10.8 Machine users of corpora 276
Further reading 276
Discussion and research points 276
Conclusion 279
Notes 282
1Introducing translation studies research 282
2Corpus linguistics and translation 284
3 Parallel corpora 286
5 Corpus design 286
6 Corpus tools and data analysis 287
7 Features of translation 288
8 Translators, style and ideology 289
10 Corpora in translation practice 289
Glossary 291
Bibliography 295
Index 315