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A Visual Tour of Introducing Translation Studies 13
List of figures and tables 17
Figures 17
Tables 17
Acknowledgements 20
List of abbreviations 22
Introduction 24
A guide to chapters 27
Chapter 1. Main issues of translation studies 30
Key concepts 30
Key texts 30
1.1 The concept of translation 31
1.2 What is translation studies? 33
1.3 An early history of the discipline 36
1.4 The Holmes/Toury 'map' 38
1.5 Developments since the 1970s 43
1.6 The van Doorslaer 'map' 44
1.7 Discipline, interdiscipline or multidiscipline? 45
Summary 49
Discussion and research points 50
Chapter 2. Translation theory before the twentieth century 51
Key concepts 51
Key texts 51
2.0 Introduction 52
2.1 'Word-for-word' or 'sense-for-sense'? 52
2.2 Early Chinese and Arabic discourse on translation 55
2.3 Humanism and the Protestant Reformation 59
2.4 Faithfulness, spirit and truth 62
2.5 Early attempts at systematic translation theory: Dryden, Dolet and Tytler 64
2.6 Schleiermacher and the valorization of the foreign 68
2.7 Translation theory of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in Britain 70
2.8 Towards contemporary translation theory 71
Case studies 72
Case study 1: Assessment criteria 72
Case study 2: The translator's preface 74
Discussion of case studies 76
Summary 77
Further reading 77
Discussion and research points 78
Chapter 3. Equivalence and equivalent effect 80
Key concepts 80
Key texts 80
3.0 Introduction 81
3.1 Roman Jakobson: the nature of linguistic meaning and equivalence 81
3.2 Nida and 'the science of translating' 84
3.2.1 The influence of Chomsky 84
3.2.2 The nature of meaning: advances in semantics and pragmatics 88
3.2.3 Formal and dynamic equivalence and the principle of equivalent effect 91
3.2.4 Discussion of the importance of Nida's work 93
3.3 Newmark: semantic and communicative translation 95
3.3.1 Discussion of Newmark 98
3.4 Koller: equivalence relations 99
3.5 Later developments in equivalence 102
Case study 103
Discussion of case study 107
Summary 107
Further reading 108
Discussion and research points 108
Chapter 4. Studying translation product and process 110
Key concepts 110
Key texts 110
4.0 Introduction 111
4.1 Vinay and Darbelnet's model 111
4.1.1 Two strategies and seven procedures 112
4.1.2 Supplementary translation procedures 116
4.1.3 Levels of translation 117
4.2 Catford and translation 'shifts' 119
4.3 Option, markedness and stylistic shifts in translation 122
4.4 The cognitive process of translation' 124
4.5 Ways of investigating cognitive processing 127
Case study 128
Discussion of case study 133
Summary 133
Further reading 134
Discussion and research points 135
Chapter 5. Functional theories of translation 138
Key concepts 138
Key texts 138
5.0 Introduction 139
5.1 Text type 139
5.1.1 Discussion of the text type model 145
5.1.2 Mary Snell-Hornby's 'integrated approach' 147
5.2 Translatorial action 150
5.2.1 Discussion of the model of translatorial action 151
5.3 Skopos theory 152
5.3.1 Discussion of skopos theory 155
5.4 Translation-oriented text analysis 156
Case study 159
ST analysis 160
Discussion of case study 163
Summary 163
Further reading 163
Discussion and research points 164
Chapter 6. Discourse and Register analysis approaches 166
Key concepts 166
Key texts 166
6.0 Introduction 167
6.1 The Hallidayan model of language and discourse 167
6.2 House's model of translation quality assessment 171
6.3 Baker's text and pragmatic level analysis: a coursebook for translators 175
6.3.1 Thematic and information structures 175
6.3.2 Cohesion 177
6.3.3 Pragmatics and translation 180
6.4 Hatim and Mason: the levels of context and discourse 182
6.5 Criticisms of discourse and Register analysis approaches to translation 185
Case studies 187
Case study 1 187
Case study 2 189
Discussion of case studies 190
Summary 191
Further reading 192
Discussion and research points 193
Chapter 7. Systems theories 196
Key concepts 196
Key texts 196
7.0 Introduction 197
7.1 Polysystem theory 197
7.2 Toury and descriptive translation studies 201
7.2.1 The concept of norms of translation behaviour 203
7.2.2 'Laws' of translation 207
7.2.3 Toury's model in action 208
7.2.4 Discussion of Toury's work 209
7.3 Chesterman's translation norms 213
7.4 Other models of descriptive translation studies: Lambert and van Gorp and the Manipulation School 214
Case study 218
Discussion of case study 221
Summary 221
Further reading 222
Discussion and research points 222
Chapter 8. Cultural and ideological turns 224
Key concepts 224
Key texts 224
8.0 Introduction 225
8.1 Translation as rewriting 226
8.1.1 Poetics, ideology and translation in Lefevere's work 229
8.2 Translation and gender 231
8.2.1 The translation of gay texts 233
8.3 Postcolonial translation theory 234
8.3.1 The Irish context **10 239
8.4 The ideologies of the theorists 240
8.5 Other perspectives on translation and ideology 242
Case study 243
Discussion of case study 245
Summary 245
Further reading 246
Discussion and research points 247
Chapter 9. The role of the translator 248
Key concepts 248
Key texts 248
9.0 Introduction 249
9.1 The cultural and political agenda of translation 249
9.1.1 Venuti and the 'invisibility' of the translator 250
9.1.2 Domestication and foreignization 251
9.1.3 Antoine Berman: the 'negative analytic' of translation 254
9.2 The position and positionality of the literary translator 258
9.3 The power network of the publishing industry 261
9.4 Discussion of Venuti's work 263
9.5 The reception and reviewing of translations 265
9.6 The sociology and historiography of translation 267
Case study 269
Discussion of the case study 271
Summary 272
Further reading 273
Discussion and research points 273
Chapter 10. Philosophical approaches to translation 275
Key concepts 275
Key texts 275
10.0 Introduction 276
10.1 Steiner's hermeneutic motion 276
10.1.1. Elective affinity and resistant difference 281
10.1.2 Discussion of Steiner 283
10.2 Ezra Pound and the energy of language 283
10.3 The task of the translator: Walter Benjamin 285
10.4 Deconstruction 287
10.4.1 Readings of Benjamin 288
10.4.2 Derrida and 'relevant' translation 289
10.4.3 Abusive fidelity 290
Case studies 292
Case study 1 292
Discussion of case study 1 295
Case study 2 295
Discussion of case study 2 297
Summary 298
Further reading 298
Discussion and research points 299
Chapter 11. New directions from the new media 300
Key concepts 300
Key texts 300
11.0 Introduction 301
11.1 Audiovisual translation 301
11.1.1 Early days: the 'virgin area of research' 301
11.1.2 The name and nature of the field 303
11.1.3 The linguistic and prescriptivist nature of subtitling research 305
11.1.4 Norms of audiovisual translation 307
11.1.5 Transcriptions 308
11.1.6 Codes and narratives 310
11.1.7 Subtitles as 'vulnerable translation' 312
11.1.8 Fansubs and video games, a site for transcreation 313
11.2 Localization, globalization and collaborative translation 314
11.3 Corpus-based translation studies 317
11.3.1 Different types of corpus 318
11.3.2 Other corpus-based studies 320
Case studies 322
Case study discussion 1 322
Case study discussion 2 324
Summary 326
Further reading 326
Discussion and research points 326
Chapter 12. Research and commentary projects 329
Key concepts 329
Key texts 329
12.0 Introduction 330
12.1 Consilience in translation studies 330
12.2 Translation commentaries 333
12.2.1 Extralinguistic information 336
12.2.2 Micro-level intratextual analysis 341
12.3 Research projects in translation studies 343
Notes 348
Chapter 1. Main issues of translation studies 348
Chapter 2. Translation theory before the twentieth century 349
Chapter 3. Equivalence and equivalent effect 350
Chapter 4. Studying translation product and process 351
Chapter 5. Functional theories of translation 352
Chapter 6. Discourse and Register analysis approaches 352
Chapter 7. Systems theories 353
Chapter 8. Cultural and ideological turns 354
Chapter 9. The role of the translator: visibility, ethics and sociology 355
Chapter 10. Philosophical approaches to translation 355
Chapter 11. New directions from the new media 356
Chapter 12. Research and commentary projects 357
Bibliography 358
Index 390