Dane szczegółowe książki
Learning strategies and learning styles / Schmeck, Ronald R.
Autorzy
Tytuł
Learning strategies and learning styles
Tytuł oryginału
Learning strategies and learning styles
Serie wydawnicze
Wydawnictwo
New York, London: Plenum Press, 1988
ISBN
0-306-42860-1
Hasła przedmiotowe
Spis treści
pokaż spis treści
Part I. The concepts of strategy and style
1. An Introduction to Strategies and Styles of Learning … 3
(Ronald Ray Schmeck)
What is Learning? … 3
Strategies, Tactics, Skills, and Processes … 5
Cognitive Styles … 7
Approaches and Orientations … 9
Focusing on the Person versus the Situation … 11
Approaches to Research and Approaches to Improving Education … 14
Adapting to the Learning Context … 15
Summary … 17
References … 18
2. Motivational Factors in Students' Approaches to Learning … 21
(Noel Entwistle)
Introduction … 21
Concepts from Qualitative Research on Student Learning … 22
Motivation in Studying … 26
Developing the Approaches to Studying Inventory … 27
Orientations to Studying … 31
Approaches to Studying, Motivation, and Learning Processes … 34
Approaches to Studying in Secondary School … 37
Motivation and Approaches to Studying in Quantitative Analyses … 42
Motivation and Approaches to Learning in Qualitative Analyses … 43
Integrating Qualitative and Quantitative Findings … 45
References … 49
3. Describing and Improving Learning … 53
(Terence Marton)
Describing Learning … 54
Qualitative Differences in the Outcome of Learning … 55
A Gestalt Experiment on the Role of Organization in Learning … 59
The Conservation of the Figure-Ground Structure … 60
Outcomes of Learning and Approaches to Learning … 64
Some Implications of the Model of Description … 67
Improving Learning … 68
Approaches to Learning in the Internal and the External Sense … 68
Conceptions of Learning … 71
Learning as a Conceptual Change … 73
A Relational View of Learning … 75
References … 81
4. Learning Strategies, Teaching Strategies, and Conceptual or Learning Style … 83
(Gordon Pask)
Introduction and Overview … 83
Hypotheses and the Early Experiments … 86
The Existence of Learning Strategies … 86
Intellectual Learning Strategies … 87
Matched and Mismatched Learning … 87
A Typical Larger-Scale Series of Experiments … 88
The Use of "caste" and "intuition" and the Notion of Style … 90
Tests of Conceptual and Learning Style … 93
Stylistic Tests and Learning to Learn … 95
The Enigma of Strategy and Style … 96
General Conclusions … 99
References … 99
5. Simultaneous-Successive Processing and Planning: Implications for School Learning … 101
(J. P. Das)
Introduction: Processes, Styles, and Strategies … 101
The Information-Integration Model … 105
Basic Principles … 105
Focus on Reading and Recall … 108
Further Studies on Coding Processes … 109
Reading and Planning Factor … 111
Comprehension and Inferencing … 114
The Australian Connection … 118
Focus on Arithmetic … 120
Simultaneous Processing and Piaget's Tasks … 121
Simultaneous Processing and Arithmetic Achievement … 122
Arithmetic Computations and Planning … 123
Concluding Remarks … 125
References … 127
6. Students' Self-Concepts and the Quality of Learning in Public Schools and Universities … 131
(Patricia McCarthy and Ronald Ray Schmeck)
Introduction … 131
One's Conception of One's Self … 132
Self-Reference … 132
Self-Concept … 133
Self-Esteem … 134
Self-Talk … 137
Development of One's Conception of Self … 139
Secure Attachment to a Caregiver … 140
Separation, Self-Care, and Self-Efficacy … 142
Self-Concept Crystallization … 144
Self-Awareness and the Development of Cognitive Style … 146
Promoting Development of Self in the Classroom … 150
References … 153
Part II. Applications of the concepts of strategy and style
7. Context and Strategy: Situational Influences on Learning … 159
(Paul Ramsden)
Introduction … 159
A Model of Situational Influences on Student Learning … 160
Learning Tasks and Learning Strategies … 162
Student Assessment and Approaches to Learning … 164
Teaching and Approaches to Learning … 167
Programs, Departments, and Institutions … 169
The Context of Learning in Different Subject Specialisms … 172
Context and Style Controversies … 174
Conclusion: Intervention Must Take the Context into Account … 178
References … 181
8. Approaches to Learning and to Essay Writing … 185
(John Biggs)
Approaches to Learning … 186
The Role of Writing in Thinking and Learning … 188
Levels of Approach to Essay Writing … 189
A Model of Essay Writing … 192
Intentional Aspects … 193
Parawriting Activities … 194
Writing Activities … 203
Conceptualizing Approaches to Essay Writing … 207
Two Case Studies … 211
Syd … 212
Geoff … 214
Summary, Conclusions, and Implications … 216
Appendix … 219
References … 226
9. Style, Strategy, and Skill in Reading … 229
(John R. Kirby)
Theoretical Framework … 230
Two Domains of Cognitive Processes … 230
Strategies and Skills in Reading … 231
Measurement and Conceptual Issues … 234
Outline of a Theory of Reading … 235
Potential Influences of Strategies and Styles … 239
Visual versus Phonological Word Analysis … 239
Use of Context to Determine Meaning … 246
The Generation of Text Meaning … 253
The Generation of Thematic Meaning … 260
Final Conclusions and Implications … 263
Skills versus Strategies? … 263
How Many Reading Styles Are There? … 264
Are There Alternative Styles of Equal Value? … 266
What Is to Be Taught? … 267
What Do We Need to Know? … 269
References … 271
10. Styles of Thinking and Creativity … 275
(E. P. Torrance and 2. L. Rockenstein)
Creativity … 275
Learning Styles … 276
The Learning Style Dilemma … 278
Teaching Methods That Enhance Creativity … 279
Right-Brained Creativity … 279
Whole-Brain Creativity … 280
The Importance of Instructions … 285
Incubation … 285
Measuring Creativity … 287
New Directions in Teaching and Research … 288
References … 289
11. Assessment and Training of Student Learning Strategies … 291
(Claire E. Weinstein)
Introduction … 292
Types of Learning Strategies … 292
Learning Strategies Assessment … 296
Approaches to Assessment … 297
The lassi … 298
Learning Strategies Training (Postsecondary) … 303
Approaches to Learning Strategies Training … 303
A Course in Individual Learning Skills … 305
Concluding Comments … 306
Appendix … 307
References … 313
12. Strategies and Styles of Learning: An Integration of Varied Perspectives … 317
(Ronald Ray Schmeck)
What is Learning? … 317
Approaches to Learning … 320
Motives, Self-Concept, and Orientation … 323
Cognitive Styles … 327
The Two Styles … 328
Style versus Orientation … 329
Development of Cognitive Style … 331
Improving Education … 334
Redefining Learning … 335
Skill and Strategy Training Programs … 337
Improving Teaching … 339
Teacher as a Social Object … 341
Encouraging Development … 342
References … 345
Index … 349
1. An Introduction to Strategies and Styles of Learning … 3
(Ronald Ray Schmeck)
What is Learning? … 3
Strategies, Tactics, Skills, and Processes … 5
Cognitive Styles … 7
Approaches and Orientations … 9
Focusing on the Person versus the Situation … 11
Approaches to Research and Approaches to Improving Education … 14
Adapting to the Learning Context … 15
Summary … 17
References … 18
2. Motivational Factors in Students' Approaches to Learning … 21
(Noel Entwistle)
Introduction … 21
Concepts from Qualitative Research on Student Learning … 22
Motivation in Studying … 26
Developing the Approaches to Studying Inventory … 27
Orientations to Studying … 31
Approaches to Studying, Motivation, and Learning Processes … 34
Approaches to Studying in Secondary School … 37
Motivation and Approaches to Studying in Quantitative Analyses … 42
Motivation and Approaches to Learning in Qualitative Analyses … 43
Integrating Qualitative and Quantitative Findings … 45
References … 49
3. Describing and Improving Learning … 53
(Terence Marton)
Describing Learning … 54
Qualitative Differences in the Outcome of Learning … 55
A Gestalt Experiment on the Role of Organization in Learning … 59
The Conservation of the Figure-Ground Structure … 60
Outcomes of Learning and Approaches to Learning … 64
Some Implications of the Model of Description … 67
Improving Learning … 68
Approaches to Learning in the Internal and the External Sense … 68
Conceptions of Learning … 71
Learning as a Conceptual Change … 73
A Relational View of Learning … 75
References … 81
4. Learning Strategies, Teaching Strategies, and Conceptual or Learning Style … 83
(Gordon Pask)
Introduction and Overview … 83
Hypotheses and the Early Experiments … 86
The Existence of Learning Strategies … 86
Intellectual Learning Strategies … 87
Matched and Mismatched Learning … 87
A Typical Larger-Scale Series of Experiments … 88
The Use of "caste" and "intuition" and the Notion of Style … 90
Tests of Conceptual and Learning Style … 93
Stylistic Tests and Learning to Learn … 95
The Enigma of Strategy and Style … 96
General Conclusions … 99
References … 99
5. Simultaneous-Successive Processing and Planning: Implications for School Learning … 101
(J. P. Das)
Introduction: Processes, Styles, and Strategies … 101
The Information-Integration Model … 105
Basic Principles … 105
Focus on Reading and Recall … 108
Further Studies on Coding Processes … 109
Reading and Planning Factor … 111
Comprehension and Inferencing … 114
The Australian Connection … 118
Focus on Arithmetic … 120
Simultaneous Processing and Piaget's Tasks … 121
Simultaneous Processing and Arithmetic Achievement … 122
Arithmetic Computations and Planning … 123
Concluding Remarks … 125
References … 127
6. Students' Self-Concepts and the Quality of Learning in Public Schools and Universities … 131
(Patricia McCarthy and Ronald Ray Schmeck)
Introduction … 131
One's Conception of One's Self … 132
Self-Reference … 132
Self-Concept … 133
Self-Esteem … 134
Self-Talk … 137
Development of One's Conception of Self … 139
Secure Attachment to a Caregiver … 140
Separation, Self-Care, and Self-Efficacy … 142
Self-Concept Crystallization … 144
Self-Awareness and the Development of Cognitive Style … 146
Promoting Development of Self in the Classroom … 150
References … 153
Part II. Applications of the concepts of strategy and style
7. Context and Strategy: Situational Influences on Learning … 159
(Paul Ramsden)
Introduction … 159
A Model of Situational Influences on Student Learning … 160
Learning Tasks and Learning Strategies … 162
Student Assessment and Approaches to Learning … 164
Teaching and Approaches to Learning … 167
Programs, Departments, and Institutions … 169
The Context of Learning in Different Subject Specialisms … 172
Context and Style Controversies … 174
Conclusion: Intervention Must Take the Context into Account … 178
References … 181
8. Approaches to Learning and to Essay Writing … 185
(John Biggs)
Approaches to Learning … 186
The Role of Writing in Thinking and Learning … 188
Levels of Approach to Essay Writing … 189
A Model of Essay Writing … 192
Intentional Aspects … 193
Parawriting Activities … 194
Writing Activities … 203
Conceptualizing Approaches to Essay Writing … 207
Two Case Studies … 211
Syd … 212
Geoff … 214
Summary, Conclusions, and Implications … 216
Appendix … 219
References … 226
9. Style, Strategy, and Skill in Reading … 229
(John R. Kirby)
Theoretical Framework … 230
Two Domains of Cognitive Processes … 230
Strategies and Skills in Reading … 231
Measurement and Conceptual Issues … 234
Outline of a Theory of Reading … 235
Potential Influences of Strategies and Styles … 239
Visual versus Phonological Word Analysis … 239
Use of Context to Determine Meaning … 246
The Generation of Text Meaning … 253
The Generation of Thematic Meaning … 260
Final Conclusions and Implications … 263
Skills versus Strategies? … 263
How Many Reading Styles Are There? … 264
Are There Alternative Styles of Equal Value? … 266
What Is to Be Taught? … 267
What Do We Need to Know? … 269
References … 271
10. Styles of Thinking and Creativity … 275
(E. P. Torrance and 2. L. Rockenstein)
Creativity … 275
Learning Styles … 276
The Learning Style Dilemma … 278
Teaching Methods That Enhance Creativity … 279
Right-Brained Creativity … 279
Whole-Brain Creativity … 280
The Importance of Instructions … 285
Incubation … 285
Measuring Creativity … 287
New Directions in Teaching and Research … 288
References … 289
11. Assessment and Training of Student Learning Strategies … 291
(Claire E. Weinstein)
Introduction … 292
Types of Learning Strategies … 292
Learning Strategies Assessment … 296
Approaches to Assessment … 297
The lassi … 298
Learning Strategies Training (Postsecondary) … 303
Approaches to Learning Strategies Training … 303
A Course in Individual Learning Skills … 305
Concluding Comments … 306
Appendix … 307
References … 313
12. Strategies and Styles of Learning: An Integration of Varied Perspectives … 317
(Ronald Ray Schmeck)
What is Learning? … 317
Approaches to Learning … 320
Motives, Self-Concept, and Orientation … 323
Cognitive Styles … 327
The Two Styles … 328
Style versus Orientation … 329
Development of Cognitive Style … 331
Improving Education … 334
Redefining Learning … 335
Skill and Strategy Training Programs … 337
Improving Teaching … 339
Teacher as a Social Object … 341
Encouraging Development … 342
References … 345
Index … 349