Dane szczegółowe książki

List of Figures ... xv
List of Exercises ... xix
Abbreviations ... xxi
Preface ... xxiii
Introduction ... xxv
PART I: CONCEPTS AND APPROACHES TO DEPTH INTERVIEWING ... 1
Overview ... 1
1. Interview 'Facts' as Evidence to Support Inferences to Eventual Theorization/Representation Models ... 2
Data-collection (up to and Including the Interview) and Data-interpretation (from Interview to Researcher Product) ... 2
Common-sense Hypothetico-inductivist Model ... 2
Anti-common-sense Hypothetico-deductivist Model ... 2
Inductivist and Deductivist 'Moments' in Doing Research ... 2
Some Features of Depth Interviewing as Designed Practice ... 3
The Interview is a Research Interview ... 3
The Interview is a Type of Conversational Face-to-face Interaction ... 4 It has to be Particularly Well-prepared (Designed) to Allow it to be Semi-Structured ... 5
It is an Interview 'in Depth' ... 5
The 'Hard and only Facts' of Interview Interaction, and Inferences ... 6
Old Wu: Knowledge of Discourse, Referents, Subjectivity ... 6 Inference = Assumptions + Evidence-handling Argument against Counter-arguments ... 12
Final Proposed Re/presentation Product/purpose Determines Appropriate Design of Data-generation/processing ... 14
2. Conceptual Frameworks for Studying and Inferring from (Research) Interview Interaction Practice ... 16
Interviews as Problematic ... 16
Interview Interaction as Located Practice ... 16
Vignette A: Lorna and John ... 16
Past Interview Experiences for both Parties ... 17
Interpreting Interview Data: Interview with 'W' ... 19 Conceptual Frameworks for the Study of Semi-Structured
Depth Interviews ... 33
An Under-researched, Historically Infrequent Social Practice ... 33
Frameworks: Interactional and Anthropological-historical ... 38
Summary ... 50
3. Models of Research Design and their Application to Semi-Structured Depth Interviewing ... 51
Model-building, Model-testing Sequence ... 51 How to Think the Relation of Models to Evidence: Questions, Concepts and Indicators, the Problem of Operationalization/Instrumentation 51 Classic Model of Pre-conceptualization, Pre-theorization
and Stages of Theory-testing: Rose-Wengraf ... 54
Maxwell's Model of Design Components ... 56 Brief Note on Assumptions behind Inferences
and Interpretations: Instrumentalists vs Realists ... 57
4. Lightly and Heavily Structured Depth Interviewing: Theory-Questions and Interviewer-Questions ... 60
Sequence and Spectrum: Brief Overview ... 60
Theory-questions must be Distinguished from Interviewer-questions ... 61
TQ and IQ linked by Instrumentation Theory and Assumptions ... 62
The CRQ-TQ-IQ(II) Algorithm ... 63
Theory-language and Idiolect ... 64
Learning the Language (Idiolect) of the Interviewee ... 64
The Theory-language of a Particular Research Community ... 65
Depth-interviewing Designs and the Free-associative/Fully Structured Interviewing Spectrum ... 68
Introduction ... 68
Heavily Structured Interviewing ... 68
Free associative and SQUIN Interviews ... 69
Conclusion ... 70
PART II: UP TO THE INTERVIEW: STRATEGIES FOR GETTING THE RIGHT MATERIALS ... 71
5. Preparing for any Interviewing Sequence ... 72
CRQ-TQ-II Design and Sequenced Combinations
of Types of Interview and Selection of Informants Desired ... 72
Personal Points of Entry into the Design Pyramid: Top-down Deductivists, Bottom-up Inductivists, Middle-level Research Question Entrists ... 73 Theoretical Designing in Principle - not Including Designing of Interview Sessions or Particular Interviewing Strategies ... 74 Formulating Purposes and Research Questions, Selecting Interviewees ... 74
Purposes and Motivation ... 74
Generating Research Questions Around Topics ... 77
Sampling and Identifying Possible Informants ... 95
Designing Sequenced Combinations of Interviewing Practices ... 106
Summary ... 109
6. Preparing Lightly-Structured Depth Interviews: a Design for a BNIM-Type Biographic-Narrative Interview ... 111
'Single Question Aimed at Inducing Narrative (SQUIN)' in Context: an Instrumentation Theory and a Design for Narrative Interviewing ... 111
Overview ... 111
Variability of Narrative Interview Designs ... 112
Single-question Interview Sessions ... 113
Narrative in Itself and as a TQ-IQ Indicator ... 114 The Design of SQUINs for the Purpose of the
Biographic-Narrative-Interpretive Method (BNIM) ... 118
Overview: three Subsessions, and Usually at Least Two Interviews ... 119 Subsession 1 and Interviewer Self-restraint: Note-taking,
Active Listening with Non-directional Prompts but Never Probes ... 121
The Intersession Gap ... 137 Subsession 2: Asking for More Story About Topics Raised
Spontaneously in Subsession 1 ... 138
Self-debriefing on Subsession 2 to Paper or Tape ... 142
Subsession 3: Questions Arising, and the Theoretical
Relevances of the Interviewer \to SSDI ... 144
Interlude: Complementary (or Alternative) Research Designs ... 145
Lieblich, Tuval-Mashiach and Zilber's
Narrative-Interview Design ... 145
Dolbeare-Schuman-Seidman's Narrative-Interview Design ... 146
de Waele and Harre's Written Autobiographical Method ... 148
Conclusion: SQUIN-BNIM and the General
CRQ-TQ-II Model ... 149
7. Preparing Moderately- or Heavily-Structured Interviews ... 152
Variable Stance: Passive Listening to 'Active' Interviewing ... 153
Listening and Genres of Interviewing Experience ... 153
Receptive and Assertive Practices ... 154
Formulating IQs and other IIs for TQs and CRQ - General Logic ... 156 General Orientation for the Development of Interviewer Questions and other Interventions ... 156
The Structure of a TQ-IQ Question Schedule ... 160
Formulating IQs and other IIs for TQs and CRQ - in detail ... 162
Open and Closed Questions ... 162
Leading and Biased Questions Contaminating the Response ... 163
Generality/Specificity of Answer ... 167
Length of Answer (Amount of Detail) Wanted ... 169
Kvale's Process Typology ... 170
Indirection and Strategies of Interviewee Text-production ... 172
IQs 'Echoing' or not 'Echoing' TQs ... 172
What Kind of Verbal Response (Text) is Wanted? ... 174
Getting at Argumentation and Evaluation: Some Examples ... 175
Conclusion ... 182
PART III: AROUND THE INTERVIEW: CONTACT MANAGEMENT - THEORY AND PRACTICE ... 183
8. Before Making Contact and Starting the Fieldwork Phase of the Research Process ... 184
Ethics, Legalities and Practices ... 184
Questions of Informant Access to Tape,
Transcripts, Interpretations ... 184
Legalities and Ethics ... 184
Questions of Confidentiality and of Anonymity in any Publication or Use ... 187
Pilot the Design: Rehearse the Session with a Volunteer ... 187
Getting a List of Possible Interviewees and Making a Shortlist ... 188
Making Initial Contact and the Calculation of 'Framing' ... 188
Questions of Arranging Initial and Possibly Later Sessions ... 190
9. The Session ... 191
Technical Management up to the Session ... 191
Long-term Forward Planning ... 191
Three Weeks Before the Interview: Pre-interview Material ... 192
7-10 days Before the Interview ... 192
The day Before the Interview ... 193
Managing the Session ... 193
Overview and Introduction ... 193
Key Points in General ... 194
Key Points for BNIM Interviewing ... 204 Ending the Formal Interview well: the Last Five Minutes and the Reminder of 'Post-interview' Arrangements ... 205
After the Session: Instant Debriefing to Saturation ... 206
PART IV: AFTER THE INTERVIEW: STRATEGIES FOR WORKING THE MATERIALS ... 207
Overview ... 207
10 Copying, Indexing and Transcribing ... 208
Indexing - Clear Structure for Retrieving Dated Material ... 208
Copying - Work only on Copies of Tapes ... 208
Transcribing to Spark off Memo-izing and (also) to Produce a Transcript ... 209
Transcribing to Produce Memos ... 210
Transcribing to Produce a Transcript ... 212
11 Analysing/Interpreting any Interview Materials: Answers to TQs ... 224
Overview ... 224
General CRQ-TQ-IQ Model: IM \to ATQ \to ACRQ ... 224
The 'Judicial Model' ... 227
Conclusion ... 230
12 Analysing/Interpreting SQUIN-BNIM Interview Materials: Answers to TQs ... 231
Overview ... 231
Preliminary Note ... 231
The General ATQ \to ACRQ Model Applied to this Model ... 231
Intermediate Processing: from Raw Material to Processed Data ... 232
From Relatively Mechanical Craft to a Craft-based Artistry ... 233
Philosophy of BNIM Interpretation ... 234
Five Stages of BNIM ... 234
TQ Zero - Analysing the Communicative Interaction ... 234
Lived Life - Told Story ... 236
Generating the BDC and the TSS ... 236 Biographical Data Chronology Constructed from Interview and Other Sources ... 236 Generating the Told Story (Text Structure) Sequentialization from the Transcript of the Initial Narrative and Eventually from Subsession 2 ... 239 Doing the BDA and the TFA: Central Principles of Datum-by-Datum Analysis ... 255
Datum-by-Datum Predictive Analysis and Retrospective Checking ... 256
Panel work, Predictive Hypothesizing and Counter-hypothesizing ... 258
Biographical Data Analysis of the BD Chronology ... 259
Thematic Field Analysis of the Text Structure Sequentialization ... 271
The Actual Told Story and the Original Possible Told Stories ... 284
Towards Creating a 'History' and 'Structure' of the Case ... 284
Representation of the History of the Case ... 285
Microanalysis of Selected Text Segments: Part-whole Analysis ... 292 From Case-history and Microanalysis towards 'A Structure for the Case' ... 293 Towards Theorizing the Case Life-history and Structure in the Light of your Research
Problematic (RP-CRQ-TQ) ... 299
PART V: COMPARISON OF CASES: FROM CONTINGENCIES OF CASES TO TYPES OF TYPOLOGIES ... 301
13. Resources for Typification and General-Models Within Single-Case Research ... 302
Multiplying Contingencies for Cases, Multiplying
Types for Typologies ... 303 Differences/typologies between the Particular and the General ... 305
14. Types of Typologies ... 310
A Typology of Typologies ... 310
Typologies of Behaviour, Typologies of System ... 310
Other Distinctions ... 310
Conclusion ... 312
PART VI: WRITING UP: STRATEGIES OF RE/PRESENTATION ... 313
Introduction ... 313
15. Conceptual Frameworks for Studying and Re/presenting ... 314
The Problem: how is Understanding held, Conveyed, and Contested? ... 314
Polkinghorne on Conveying Understanding by Bruner's Modes of 'Paradigmatic' and 'Narrative' Exposition ... 314
Forms of Collection Distinguished from Forms of Presentation ... 316
A Post-Spradley Conceptual Framework for Re/presentation ... 317
The Six-level, Two-column Grid Derived from Spradley ... 317
Zig-zagging between Columns and Across Levels ... 320
Relating Theorization, Typology and Quotation ... 324
Accounts of Accounts and going Beyond them ... 324
How Researchers Construct Different Relations between their Theorizations and their Data ... 333
Balance of Theorization, Typology and Quotation by Section ... 334
16. Writings up: Theorizing and Narrating in 'Presentation' Strategies ... 337
Introduction ... 337
Disclaimer: Collect Examples and Describe Structure ... 337
Answering the CRQ-TQs - Default Genre ... 337 Data-loss/Condensation as Emergent Condensed Re/presentation - News of Difference ... 337
Macro-planning and Micro-planning ... 341
Structure in Sections and Pages for Wordage ... 341
Intuitive and Counter-intuitive Structuring-strategies ... 341
Psycho-portraits ... 343
Comparative Psycho-portraits ... 344
Psycho-biographies: from Outside or Inside? ... 347
Possible Models for a 'Synthetic Account' of Multiple Informants ... 354
Matrices and Flow-charts ... 358
Flow-charts ... 359
Matrices ... 361
17. 'Writing up' Biographic Sub-genres: Suggestions by way of a Conclusion ... 362
Introduction ... 362
'Writing up Harold' in more 'Socio' or more 'Psycho' Directions ... 363
APPENDICES
Appendix A: Ruthrof's Typology of Told-Story, Presented-World, Positions ... 366
Appendix B: Critical Linguistics/Semiotics Model ... 368
The CLS Model ... 368
CLS Model - Close Analysis of a Text Segment from Harold's Interview ... 369
Appendix C: Informal Paralinguistics: A More Elaborate Example ... 378
Bibliography ... 380
Index ... 391